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These attributes may make them useful for fighting heart disease and diabetes (3). They could also eat their leaves to get extra nutrients. Video of the Day Avocado Remember that this also goes for all fruits and vegetables. Introducing The Three-Fruit Sensation: Peacotum, A Berry Deceptive Solution: TikToker Shows How To Save Your Strawberries With A Simple Trick, TikTokers Reveal Their Epic Potato Gardening Failures, Future-Proof Gardening by Saving Seeds In Envelopes, Watch How This Gardener Gets Her Plants To Pollinate With One Easy Trick. Tom McClintock . Nutrition, Benefits and How To Eat It, 14 Easy Ways to Lower Blood Sugar Levels Naturally, Pollen Library: Plants That Cause Allergies. Most mulberry trees grown in landscapes have a lifespan of only 25 to 50 years. Unripe mulberries could cause stomach problems such as gastrointestinal distress and nausea from the outside latex. Purdue University Forestry and Natural Resources. However, you can still possibly purchase these in-store if the owner itself is the one who cultivates and sells them. The mulberry trees during the fall season. Mulberry (the Morus family) It's a great utility plant that has the potential of being a huge tree. Are there benefits to mulberries besides their great taste? More than 60 species, including quail, wild turkeys, indigo buntings, tanagers, catbirds, mockingbirds, enjoy mulberries. Although research is limited, mulberry leaf may offer several other health benefits. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Answer: Parts of mulberry that contain latex are toxic for humans. Because every portion of the white mulberry, except for the ripe fruit, has a milky sap (latex) that is poisonous to people. Red mulberry trees rarely live more than 75 years, while black mulberries have been known to bear fruit for hundreds of years. Common names: Chinese white mulberry, common mulberry, Russian mulberry, silkworm mulberry, chi sang, chin sang, moral blanco. Whats more, further human studies are needed to establish this leafs safety when taken over long periods. Over time, this low energy leads to the plant's declining health, and eventually, the tree can die. fruit allergies usually cause symptoms like an itching mouth or swollen lips. Fruits that are sensitive or have a short shelf life are more challenging to find since it has always been difficult to sell fruits that are damaged or show some signs. But additional research is necessary before coming to any definitive findings. Mulberry trees generally require at least 6 hours of sunlight to photosynthesize properly. The white mulberry is occasionally white, but not always. Related species: Black Mulberry Red Mulberry. Some research too in test tubes indicates that they lessen the accumulation of fat in the liver, possibly assisting in the prevention of fatty liver disease. Along with the wide horizontal roots, mulberry trees also grow smaller sinker roots off the laterals. Now theres of mulberries but the red mulberry is the most common. Domestic animals prefer ripe ones, but most animals can have both grown and wild mulberries. We know that mulberries are not poisonous or toxic but can they make you sick? It is a kind of enzyme that helps break down carbohydrate molecules and aid in blood level sugar control. Therefore, be cautious when consuming because this mulberry trait may impair the body's capacity to absorb nutrients properly and have detrimental effects. Mulberry leaves make good fodder - 15-35% protein, but I'd guess that the dogs are self-medicating because it's potent medicinal. Everbearing mulberry trees live up to their name, yielding a bountiful crop of juicy reddish-black berries from summer to fall. I am not a doctor so I cant give medical advice. The leaves of the white mulberry plant contain high concentrations of fiber and protein. Is black mulberry leaves also edible, one might wonder? If you suspect your dog has been poisoned, call your veterinarian right away. According to anecdotal evidence, the symptoms may include tremors, headaches, increased sweating, impaired vision, and hunger. My family has owned a cottage since before I was born and it took me until a few years ago to realize that there was a mulberry tree in the back yard. As a result, the heart and other areas of the body receive open blood flow without obstruction. This is a detailed article about mulberries, examining their nutritional content and health effects. Our dried mulberries have a naturally sweet flavor with no added sugar. Mulberry (the Morus family) is a great utility plant with the potential to grow to be a massive tree. The leaves contain considerable amounts of fiber and protein, and white mulberry leaf extracts are used as a dietary supplement for management of blood sugar, weight, and other conditions. Thus, it can cause problems in carbohydrate absorption in the body. Mulberry has two varieties, red and white mulberry. It has been demonstrated that more stress causes oxidative damage in cells and tissues, which is linked to a higher risk of developing cancer. It has been demonstrated that more stress causes oxidative damage in cells and tissues, which is linked to a higher risk of developing, Consuming mulberries are beneficial if you frequently get the flu. If you think that your animal is ill or may have ingested a poisonous substance, contact your local veterinarian or our 24-hour emergency poison hotline directly at 1-888-426-4435. The tart flavor is similar to grapefruit in some ways. Cool and serve. Most of the animals take mulberry well and its nutrient factors are a bonus. Available at https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/fnr/fnr_237.pdf. You just want to make sure that you limit it. The leaves and other parts of the tree contain a milky white sap called latex, which is mildly toxic to humans and may result in symptoms like an upset stomach if ingested or skin irritation if )Cottonwood are tasty . Some research suggests that mulberry leaf extract may improve heart health by reducing cholesterol and blood pressure levels, decreasing inflammation, and preventing atherosclerosis a buildup of plaque in your arteries that can lead to heart disease. Toxicity: All parts of white mulberry, except for the ripe fruit, contain a milky sap (latex) that is toxic to humans. According to animal studies, the antioxidants in mulberry juice can lessen oxidative stress, potentially lowering the risk of cancer. The symptoms are hallucinations and stomach upset. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Your email address will not be published. The leaves and other parts of the tree contain a milky white sap called latex, which is mildly toxic to humans and may result in symptoms like an upset stomach if ingested or skin irritation if touched (5, 6). However, if you enjoy taking mulberry too often or excessively, there are certain things you need to know as there are potential dangers and adverse effects of it, and these are the following: Mulberry extracts have been shown to reduce blood sugar levels in diabetic and non-diabetic rats. Therefore, my conclusion is mulberry leaves are not poisonous. They can lower blood sugar levels in a regular or diabetic person. Its better to give them ripe mulberries; otherwise, they might get diarrhea. Preheat oven to 375 degrees. ANSWER: The Poisonous Plants of North Carolina database lists both the North American native Morus rubra (red mulberry) and the introduced Morus alba (white mulberry) as mildly toxic. In the spring, they change to yellowish and gold colors, before falling. Pour cornstarch mixture evenly over berries then toss to evenly coat. In the United States, there are red and white mulberry tree varieties. Mulberries contain 25 percent soluble fiber, and 75 percent contains insoluble fiber making it a very good agent for bowel movement and constipation-related problems. And so they boost the synthesis of red blood cells and aid in treating anemia. Mulberry leaves have a variety of culinary, medicinal, and industrial applications. Frozen or fresh, blackberries are good for constipation and colds. The fruit may occasionally be dark purple, although it can also be pink or white. White, black, and red mulberries are ripe and turn dark red, dark purple, and black. Red Mulberry ( Morus rubra ) is a native understory tree that naturally occurs along streams and riverbanks and in woods. Leaf stalk smooth. The symptoms are hallucinations and stomach upset. But, ripe black, red, and white mulberries are perfectly fine to intake by humans. Here are loads more antioxidant-rich superfoods. These include 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), which prevents the absorption of carbs in your gut (2, 7). The thin, glossy, light green leaves of mulberries are a good supplemental feed and enhance milk production, and can assist in gaining weight for those herbivore animals. Some wild plants are poisonous or can have . Can you eat mulberry tree leaves? Gryn-Rynko A, Bazylak G, Olszewska-Slonina D. New potential phytotherapeutics obtained from white mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves. A mulberry is a fruit that is large and juicy and resembles a raspberry. They thrive in mild . The white mulberry is indeed white, but not all the time. The berries can make you vomit, making the high a little less enjoyable. They come useful in all regards in taste and also in dietary factors. The leaves of the mulberry tree have a range of uses in the kitchen, as well as in medicine and industry. We now know that we can in fact eat mulberries but how do we know we found a mulberry tree? (Explained), What Size Grow Bag for Pepper Plants? One thing to be aware of is that mulberry trees can grow pretty fast and yield a lot of fruit. These leaves can be fed to goats at any time during their life, as a treat or supplemental food source. Albequerque Journal. In particular, for people currently on diabetes medications, this can result in a dramatic decline in blood glucose levels. Steep herbs for herbal tea bags, as well as full-leaf herbal tea, take 5-7 minutes. Sheep could also be given mulberries as they are high in crude protein and low in crude fiber. Mature fruits of the red mulberry has a dark red to almost black color. Unripe and wild mulberries are poisonous to humans. Some varieties will set fruit without pollination. White mulberries are. Plants (Basel). Here are 8 of the healthiest. So I Went on the hunt to answer my question. Can You Cut The Top Off A Norfolk Island Pine? ), which prevents a digestive enzyme from breaking down carbohydrates. The toxic parts are the unripe berries and the white sap from any part. Mulberries contain a powerful antioxidant called resveratrol. Can I eat mulberries? The fruit of the tree is harmless, but all other parts can be very toxic to dogs. There are several health benefits of all kinds of mulberries, ripe ones for humans and all sorts for the wild creatures. Bleeds milky sap. However, livestock, such as horses, goats, chickens, etc., don't poison them when they eat mulberries. They are used to make jams, juices, and other delicious recipes. This can be true, especially for those who are diabetic and obese, as this mulberry is known to manage these complications. Studies in mice on high fat diets demonstrate that supplements from this leaf reduced inflammatory markers like C-reactive protein, as well as oxidative stress markers like superoxide dismutase (15, 16). 1. Used as a pain reliever in Brazilian folk medicine, mulberry tree leaves demonstrated pain-relieving effects in a study using mice. Parts of mulberry trees with milky sap and unripe fruits are poisonous to humans, as these may cause stomach distress or even hallucinations. Pollination. Are Mulberry Leaves Toxic To Dogs? Some authors even say that mulberry leaves are as good as alfalfa and other high quality forage. Mulberries can be monoecious, meaning that male and female flowers are found on different trees, or dioecious, with both male and female on the same tree. What Tree Leaves Are Poisonous To Rabbits? The white mulberry fruits high sugar content, around 10 percent, makes it a favorite for making pies, jellies, jams and syrups, and these berries are sweet and juicy when eaten raw at peak ripeness. How to Feed And House Ducks: The Complete Guide. Once the tree is established you shouldn't have to water it unless there is a drought. Cut up the leaves super fine and mix in a very small amount with a favorite green. Mulberry leaves caused increased body weight gains in growing lambs and goats, and also included milk production in goats. Mulberry leaves may aid with gout symptoms by reducing uric acid levels. Native to China, this tree is now cultivated in many regions, including the United States, Europe, Asia, and Africa. You can also take mulberry leaf supplements, which have become increasingly popular for their potential health benefits. But as a matter of fact, unripe fruit is also quite bad for humans. After 12 weeks, their LDL (bad) cholesterol dropped by 5.6% while their HDL (good) cholesterol increased by 19.7% (9). Undersurface smooth, paler than above. Infuse the herbs with the water. The leaves and other parts of the tree have a milky white sap called latex that is mildly toxic to humans and can cause symptoms such as an upset stomach if eaten or skin irritation if touched (5, 6). If a dog eats too many leaves, it could cause a toxic reaction. Theyre supposed to be harmless to eat, so dont be alarmed if you picked a few mulberries while picking them. As a result, those who have chronic kidney illness must restrict or even prevent mulberry consumption. Another 12-week study noted that 10 people with high triglycerides who took daily mulberry leaf supplements containing 36 mg of DNJ reduced their levels of this marker by 50 mg/dL, on average (10). MULBERRY TREE LEAF MAY PROVIDE PAIN RELIEF. Mulberries have been used in traditional Chinese medicine as a cancer prevention strategy for hundreds of years. These include: Research suggests that mulberry leaf promotes heart health, reduces inflammation, and combats diabetes. Its always a good idea to consult your healthcare provider before using any herbal supplement, especially if you take medications or have a health condition. Are mulberry trees poisonous? You can in fact eat them and not only that but they are really great for your digective system, fights against cancer and so much more. Accessed August 28, 2022. Are mulberry leaves poisonous? Homesteading is rewarding, difficult but also fun. Do this several days in a row until all the food is eaten up with the usual gusto. They are fast-growing and can reach up to 40 feet tall. Mulberries are full of anthocyanins and help reduce these kinds of risks by a lot. Both are consumed by birds, but only red mulberry are edible to humans. If the leaves have rounded teeth on the edges, it is either white or red mulberry; white mulberry leaves are glossy while red ones are less so. 2016 Dec 24;194:162-168. Mulberry leaves have pharmacological properties that can benefit diabetic patients, according to modern research, because they contain natural substances that help reduce swelling, lose weight, lower blood pressures, lower blood glucose levels, and improve blood lipids. They are also a good hair and skin agent. However, this species may have limitations in productivity, palatability, presence of toxic substances, and adaptability . White mulberry is generally associated with few adverse effects in humans. by nature and are known to kill bacteria, which is how they treat and prevent the flu and cold. Accessed September 1, 2022. So as you can see you probably want to stay away from eating pokeweed berries. Those who took either 250 or 500 mg of the extract experienced a significantly lower rise in blood sugar and insulin levels than the placebo group (2). Add juice. As mulberry berries are eaten the leaves should not be poisonous. So, plant them in well draining soil. Ripe Mulberries Related Article: Best zone 5 Fruit Trees levels may cause dehydration and internal bleeding. By the 1830's, the potential for a silk industry prompted a horticultural phenomenon known as "mulberry mania" in the eastern United States. Mulberry trees are banned by the city. The red mulberry tree loves warm, moist and well-drained soil. Suriyaprom S, Kaewkod T, Promputtha I, Desvaux M, Tragoolpua Y. There was something there both times but it was very subtle. Hunters use mulberry trees to lure in deer. Ripe mulberries in small amounts that are fed to your dog are not poisonous. The leaves and other parts of the tree have a milky white sap called latex that is mildly toxic to humans and can cause symptoms such as an upset stomach if eaten or skin irritation if touched (5, 6). If you have a mulberry tree and your chickens are free range, even better. Are Berries Good For Dogs? However, the fruit isnt the only part of the mulberry tree that may offer health benefits. The FADIs, Copyright 2023 TipsFolder.com | Powered by Astra WordPress Theme. The leaves are edible, but with some restrictions. Therefore, my conclusion is mulberry leaves are not poisonous. Some of the other health beneficiaries are given below in more detail: Mulberries have a compound called DNJ (1-deoxynojirimycin). Propagation: Mulberries can be grown from seed, although the plants can take 10 years or more to bear. . In particular, these leaves may reduce high levels of blood sugar and insulin, a hormone that regulates blood sugar levels. Some authors even say that mulberry leaves are as good as alfalfa and other high quality forage. You can eat mulberries. Studies have found that extracts of mulberry leaves exhibit anti-inflammatory effects in mice. Mulberries contain 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ), which prevents a digestive enzyme from breaking down carbohydrates. If thats the case, youre probably looking at Morus rubra, a red mulberry tree. Pour into bake pies shell. 4 Figure 5. Foxes, opossums, raccoons, squirrels and all kinds of small animals also eat mulberries. Undersurface hairy, paler than above. ). Mulberry pies and puddings are also very famous. Yes, deer eat mulberries! Because underripe mulberries can cause serious reactions such as vomiting, diarrhea, and hallucinations, make sure theyre ripe and sweet. The mulberry leaf is heart-shaped, and . Cats can eat mulberries, but it is better to give them ripe mulberries and check before if they have any other conditions before. Here are a few of our favorites ways to use mulberries. Instead, they make excellent feed fresh or dry! Even though unripe mulberries or some portions of this tree are poisonous to some, the edible mulberries are packed with goodness and minerals that have the following benefits: 75% of the fiber in mulberries is insoluble, while 25% is soluble. Birds eat both, but only the red mulberry is most suitable for human consumption. And here is what I found! If you intend to take supplements containing mulberry extract to manage diabetes or obesity, you must speak with a qualified healthcare provider. Mulberry leaves have also been used to make tea for centuries. Mulberry leaves are up to 5 inches wide and 7 inches long, with black mulberry leaves being slightly smaller. ANSWER: The Poisonous Plants of North Carolina database lists both the North American native Morus rubra (red mulberry) and the introduced Morus alba (white mulberry) as mildly toxic. It turns out that mulberries are great for your digestive system. Animals can have all sorts of them. The easiest way to tell the mulberry and sassafras apart is by examining their leaves. We are compensated for referring traffic and business to Amazon and other companies linked to on this site. So, regularly consuming mulberries might be a healthy way to reduce your body's harmful cholesterol levels. Ive discovered another reason why mulberries arent available in stores, for three different reasons. Mulberry leaves can be consumed both fresh and dried. Fruit trees that contain cyanogenic glycosides are members of the Prunus genus or the Malus genus, including apple, crabapple, cherry, peach, apricot, almond and plum trees. and 60 other species of birds eat mulberries. White mulberry has been used as a traditional herbal remedy since at least 3000 B.C. Also, in a 3-month study, people with type 2 diabetes who took 1,000 mg of mulberry leaf extract 3 times daily with meals experienced significant reductions in post-meal blood sugar levels, compared with a placebo group (8). The leaves of the white mulberry plant contain high concentrations of fiber and protein. The berries retain their cores (like blackberries do) but the flavor is somewhere in between: like a brambly raspberry or a softer blackberry. This article reviews mulberry leaf, examining its uses, benefits, and potential side effects. Speak to your doctor or pharmacist before starting new medications or dietary supplements, to ensure there are no drug interactions present. Unripe mulberries could cause stomach problems such as gastrointestinal distress and nausea from the outside latex. Last medically reviewed on November 29, 2019. Biomed Pharmacother. Bring fresh, filtered water to a boil. Mulberries have a lot of vitamin C. Vitamin C helps your body fight off illness. A few species are bushes, as mentioned in the nursery rhyme, but the fruit-bearing species worth growing are large trees. Saudi J Biol Sci. Description White mulberry is a medium-sized tree with a short trunk, broad, round crown, and many fine twigs. (Quick Answers), Why Is My Garlic Green Inside? This may or may not be a good thing. But once cooked or dried, white mulberry leave are not only perfectly safe but, as youve heard me say many times already, very good for you. 2022 Jan 12;19(2):838. We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. Turn yellowish or lime green in the fall. While the unripe fruit can make you high, it can cause some serious damage to your stomach as well. Now Im not saying that if you eat mulberries you will never get cancer but it is for sure better then munching on a snickers bar. Cook over medium heat until mixture thickens and juice becomes clear. Iron, crucial for preserving liver health, is abundant in mulberries. Przeor M. Some Common Medicinal Plants with Antidiabetic Activity, Known and Available in Europe (A Mini-Review). Unripe and wild mulberries are poisonous to humans. Dogs, on the other hand, have had digestive issues as a result of eating too many mulberries. They must be cooked, and the water should be discarded as a side dish for greens. Young mulberry leaves are high in protein and have been used for centuries as a cooked green or as a tea in many Asian countries. When red mulberries are ripe, they darken to a deep purple-black color (similar to blackberries). However, it's still a good idea to limit how much this livestock eats because doing so could lead to problems in the future. Three main veins arise from the base. link to How to Feed And House Ducks: The Complete Guide, link to The Best Uses For Chives And All You Ever Wanted To Know, put in freezer over night (make sure the berries are frozen solid. As you can see from the picture the mulberry will start out white and as it ripens it will turn red and when it is black with a hint of red it is ready to eat. And so they boost the synthesis of red blood cells and aid in treating anemia. Plants have variable leaf shapes from simple to deeply lobed, with edible fruits ranging from white to red to black as they ripen. All rights reserved. The leaves and other parts of the tree are milky white sap, which is mildly toxic to humans and can cause symptoms such as stomach upset if swallowed or skin irritation if touched (5, 6). In the backyard, we used to have a mulberry tree, and the dogs would devour the fallen berries. Mulberry leaves are fragile so they should be dried before feeding them to your . Thats why different perfumes are made with them. Whether that is in the kitchen, out in my garden or with my animals. Instead of a mug, add one teaspoon of herbs or a tea bag per six-ounce cup, the size of a traditional tea cup. As they are a delicate fruit that is nearly impossible to sell in most supermarkets, most of those who grow mulberries in significant quantities have chosen to sell them frozen to prevent potential harm during the transportation phase. Sometimes the fruit is a dark purple, but it can also be a pink or white. What is the best way to eat mulberry leaves? Blitek K, Pruchniewicz D, Bbelewski P, Czaplicka-Pdzich M, Kubus M. Dependence of the Distribution and Structure of the White Mulberry (Morus alba) Population in Wrocaw on the Intensity of Anthropopressure and Thermal Conditions. No, mulberries are edible. Overview. In spring, the variety will also produce 1 inch long, black mulberries with a tangy sweet flavor. When you mix the mulberries with raspberries you get a perfect mixture of sweet and tart. Elderberries are the fruit of various species of the Sambucus plant. Mulberry trees are super tolerant of all kinds of conditions, however, they do not like to have their roots wet all the time. Still, due to its potential side effects, you may want to consult your healthcare provider before adding mulberry leaves to your routine. If you notice your dog having uncontrollable diarrhea, call your veterinarian. Children or adults who arent aware of the trees presence could badly get hurt. Most of the animals can eat mulberries. Mulberries are renowned for nourishing and cleansing the liver's blood. Red mulberry ( Morus rubra ), is a native, deciduous tree, found in moist soils from South Florida to west Texas. If you have read any of my other articles about food or health you will know that I have a poor digestive system and am always looking for natural ways to help my system. However, it is not toxic to certain animals that may eat it as it may serve as one of their food sources. It makes mulberries a good source of antioxidants. We will discuss if mulberries really are poisonous, their different kinds, and health benefits. The only other issue would be if you are allergic. No, the leaves are not toxic to dogs. You can also use a pair of nail clippers. Black mulberries (Morus nigra) have been cultivated and eaten, only ripe ones as jams or in sherbets. Remove crumble from refrigerator and sprinkle evenly over berries. . The planting of mulberry trees was banned by the city administration of Tucson, Arizona, in 1984, because the amount of pollen produced by these trees was harmful to humans. The milky sap of the outer layering of the unripe mulberries can cause skin rashes if came in contact with skin. White mulberry trees have been known to live for more than 100 years while red mulberry trees rarely live more than 75 years. Mulberries are low in calories and a good source of refreshment. Birds love white berries but not edible for human. Yes, your dog can eat mulberries. Mitten leaves have a central oval with a thumb. Pokeweed leaves will be about twice the size of a mulberry tree leaf. For media inquiries, please contact Krista Osterthaler atosterthaler@poison.org. Because every portion of the white mulberry, except for the ripe fruit, has a milky sap (, Even though unripe mulberries or some portions of this tree are poisonous to some, the edible mulberries are. Mulberry tree in the pioneer settler days of the 1800's, was grown and harvested for the mulberry's sweet fruit. Mulberry sap and unripe fruit is commonly regarded to having stimulant and hallucinogenic qualities in large enough amounts. The other crazy thing is that in one serving of mulberries you can get your daily dose of vitamin C. The nice thing about getting yout vitamins through fruits and veggies is that your body is able to absorb it better than if you were to try to get it into your body in pill form. The mulberry is the fruit of the mulberry tree. Agriculture collects solar energy two-dimensionally; but silviculture collects it three dimensionally. Theyre likewise available as tinctures and herbal supplements. No, the leaves are not toxic to dogs. As proof, in 2010, research on patients treated for dyslipidemia with mulberry leaf tablets reported 4.3% constipation and bloating, 8.7% dizziness, and 26% diarrhea. And it is much cleaner dealing with frozen berries. An unripe mulberry is surrounded by a poisonous latex layer(sap). Some are and others aren't. Mulberries, blackberries, and blueberries are all safe in small portions, but things like holly and mistletoe berries are not [ 7]. It also has a number of dietary fibers, which is ideal for goats. Lee D, Yu JS, Lee SR, Hwang GS, Kang KS, Park JG, Kim HY, Kim KH, Yamabe N. Beneficial Effects of Bioactive Compounds in Mulberry Fruits against Cisplatin-Induced Nephrotoxicity. Find out here. But the ripe fruit is consumable. Mulberries arent toxic, but theyll give a dog the run for it. They're also full of calcium and iron. It could also cause nervous system damage, make nauseous and hallucinations. There is no evidence to support mulberries' claim that they lower cancer risk more than other fruits or berries. White mulberry is a leafy tree that grows across the United States. Chewing a few here and there will get you a little high. ANSWER: The Poisonous Plants of North Carolina database lists both the North American native Morus rubra (red mulberry) and the introduced Morus alba (white mulberry) as mildly toxic.