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Google Scholar. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). Int J Radiat Biol. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. Microwave radiation can cause tissue damage by inducing localized microstructural damage to proteins [86, 87]. Cell Biochem Biophys. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Joubert et al. BOOTP and DHCP.ppt anik301. Electromagn Biol Med. millimeter, or equivalently. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. 2005;161:3314. 2001;12:72931. Annu Rev Physiol. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. Blood biochemical parameters of the radio-link station. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. Biomed Environ Sci. 2008;49:16370. Most of the workers recovered when they left the source of microwave radiation. [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. Vakalopoulos C. The EEG as an index of neuromodulator balance in memory and mental illness. 2014;70:84555. 1994;8:714. 2015;91:30611. Google Scholar. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. 2011;31:2293301. Qutob et al. Int J Occup Environ Health. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. Professor, Asst Director at VIT Fragopoulou et al. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. Xiong et al. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. These results explain the genetic mechanisms by which microwave radiation induces damage to learning and memory. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. 2006;27:16471. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. Bioelectromagnetics. 2009;63:10106. Cancer Res. Phot J. Microwaves of 50mW/cm2 increased the levels of the major excitatory amino acids Asp and glutamic acid (Glu) and the inhibitory amino acids gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and Gly, while 6h later in the 30mW/cm2 group, the level of Gly was reduced in the cerebral cortex. [41] exposed rats to 2.45GHz microwaves (2 pulse width, 500 pps, and SAR 0.6W/kg) for 45min and found that microwave-induced behavioral alterations measured by Lai had more to do with factors related to performance bias than to spatial working memory. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. California Privacy Statement, Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Curr Opin Neurobiol. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. Verma et al. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. Surg Neurol. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. 2005;130:591600. Cite this article. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. J Natl Cancer Inst. Vorobyov et al. Indian J Occup Environ Med. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. However, impaired learning and memory were only observed in males. Am J Epidemiol. Gene. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. Symptoms included headache, paresthesia, diarrhea, malaise and lassitude. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. Biol Chem. By using this website, you agree to our 2006;98:170713. Therefore, in this article, we reviewed recent studies that have explored the effects of microwave radiation on the brain, especially the hippocampus, including analyses of epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and the mechanisms underlying brain dysfunction. Singh et al. 2015;51:15865. Int J Radiat Biol. BMJ. 2013;17:711. [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. The Microwave signals in the food can cause water molecules to pulsate, generates heat to cook the food. 2010;1347:17985. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. Abe M, Bonini NM. Wang et al. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. 2014;8:63. The results showed that at 6h, 1 d and 3 d after exposure, the groups in which the average power density was 10mW/cm2 or 50mW/cm2 displayed significant deficits in spatial learning and memory. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. CAS The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. Effect of microwave radiation on learning and memory. Clinics. 2003;80:194210. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. Suhhova et al. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Bioelectromagnetics. . Li-Feng Wang or Xiang-Jun Hu. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. 2004;48:46624. J Electromagnet Anal. Bioelectromagnetics. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. Cell Biochem Biophys. However, these experimental results remain to be supported in repeated experiments [40,41,42]. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Additionally, in the 2.4W/kg group, neuronal filopodial density and activity were lower on day 8, and there was a reduction of the dendritic spine maturity on day 14. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. 1999;9:3438. 2005;22:32931. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. J Neuro. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. Bioelectromagnetics. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. Bioelectromagnetics. Sharma A, Sisodia R, Bhatnagar D, Saxena VK. Article The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. Li H, Li C. Apoptosis gene expression and their relationship to mtDNA mutation in tumor tissues of gynecologic oncology patients. Google Scholar. PubMed This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. Nature. After exposure to microwave radiation, during synaptic structural plasticity, presynaptic vesicles accumulate or empty, mitochondria are damaged, postsynaptic membranes are perforated, postsynaptic lengths and postsynaptic density distributions are abnormal, mossy fiber growth is inhibited during learning and memory functions, dendritic filopodial densities and activities are decreased, and there is a significant reduction of the dendritic spine density and dendritic fragment length [62]. 2005;360:6577. PubMed 2006;398:2537. 1992;49:1818. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. CAS 1984;5:6370. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. eliminating microwave and RF sources. 2007;27:6024. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. 2012;112:1715. Per the FDA, the microwave can heat human skin. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. Sci Total Environ. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . 2005;1042:1018. Int J Radiat Biol. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Chin J Birth Health Hered. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. PubMed Central Dasdag et al. 2013;34:26474. 2015;56:2618. Int J Radiat Biol. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. 2017;326:291. Behav Brain Res. Kwon et al. 1992;6:379. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. Int J Radiat Biol. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. 1 of 41 Harmful effects of microwaves on living beings Oct. 04, 2015 4 likes 4,519 views Download Now Download to read offline Environment The presentation proves beyond any doubt, the harmful affects of microwaves and radio frequency waves on humans and other living beings Padmanabhan Krishnan Follow Dr. J Mol Neurosci. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. The effects are usually . The ionotropic receptors consist of NMDA receptors and non-NMDA receptors. In a report by the Poland Department of Microwave Safety, occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields was analyzed in the work environment of personnel of 204 devices divided into 5 groups (surface-to-air missile system radars, aircraft and helicopters, communication devices, surveillance and height finder radars, airport radars and radio navigation systems). Article 2005;438:18592. J Neurosci Methods. It has been shown that neurons are sensitive to reductions in the availability of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the main source of energy in mitochondria, which have been reported to be vulnerable to microwave radiation [118]. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. 1975;148:1723. EEG data reflect the functional state of the brain by enlarging the autologous weak bioelectricity recorded by the EEG-recording instrument [47]. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. J Radiat Proc. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. 2010;2010. Qiao et al. statement and frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. The central nervous system, especially the hippocampus, is highly sensitive to microwave radiation [43, 44]. Functional plasticity is affected in other ways, including the abnormal release and uptake of brain amino acids such as choline and monoamine neurotransmitters, a decrease in excitatory postsynaptic potential amplitudes and spikes in long-term potentiating (LTP) in the medial perforated pathway (MPP) in the dentate gyrus (DG) [27]. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. Effects of electromagnetic fields emitted from W-CDMA-like mobile phones on sleep in humans. Mortazavi S, Rouintan M, Taeb S, Dehghan N, Ghaffarpanah A, Sadeghi Z, et al. However, Li et al. 2004;2004:19. Szmigielski [23] collected retrospective data for Polish soldiers over 15years and showed that the prevalence of brain cancer was higher in each age group. Xu et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. The mechanism by which microwave radiation decreases glucose, resulting in impaired learning and memory in rats, may be related to an increase in the synthesis and release of acetylcholine in the hippocampus. 2006;12:44651. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. In broadcasting, the sources of microwaves are mainly FM radio and TV broadcasting antennas, which produce frequencies ranging from 80 to 800MHz. PubMed Nuclear pyknosis and capillary congestion are also observed. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. 2017;52:23947. 2006;27:11926. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. Is nuclear respiratory factor 2 a master transcriptional coordinator for all ten nuclear-encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunits in neurons? [27] found that college students visual reaction times were significantly shorter after 10min of phone-induced microwave radiation. 2014;90:2935. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. PubMed Hear I can show the different strength of microwave technologies. Bioelectromagnetics. The study also showed that exposure to GSM microwaves at 915MHz did not induce detectable DNA double-strand breaks but affected the expression of genes in rat brain cells. Microwaving Food Leads to a Negative Impact on Human Physiology & the Heart. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that microwave radiation has potentially carcinogenic effects (2B). Campisi A, Gulino M, Acquaviva R, Bellia P, Raciti G, Grasso R, et al. Because the frequency of microwaves is sufficiently high that the energy is absorbed, the subsequent heating of tissue becomes its major mechanism, and most biochemical and physiological responses are temperature-dependent. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al.