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In the 21st century, the primary foreign language taught in the schools is English. Among Moldova's most prominent composers are Gavriil Musicescu, tefan Neaga and Eugen Doga. The 1994 constitution also establishes an independent Constitutional Court, composed of six judges (two appointed by the President, two by Parliament, and two by the Supreme Council of Magistrature), serving six-year terms, during which they are irremovable and not subordinate to any power. Despite being disfavored by the brief union of Angevin Poland and Hungary (the latter was still the country's overlord), Bogdan's successor Lacu, the Moldavian ruler also likely allied himself with the Poles. Since 1996, the Republic of Moldova has been a full member of La Francophonie. The dog's name, given to the river, extended to the principality.[22]. Slavic languages had a big impact on . The constitution of Moldova was adopted in 1994, and the country became a parliamentary republic with a president as head of state and a prime minister as head of government. Crossing the Carpathian mountains in 1359, the voivode took control of Moldavia and succeeded in creating Moldavia as an independent political entity. After achieving independence from the Soviet Union, Moldova's foreign policy was designed with a view to establishing relations with other European countries, neutrality, and European Union integration. Following a period of political instability and massive public protests, a new government led by Pavel Filip was invested in January 2016. [231] The most prestigious cycling race is the Moldova President's Cup, which was first run in 2004. [152] Moldova's remarkable recovery from the severe recession of 2009 was largely the result of sound macroeconomic and financial policies and structural reforms. Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}47N 29E / 47N 29E / 47; 29. [209][210], In 2014, US$1 billion disappeared from three of Moldova's leading banks. The signing came after the accord was drafted in Vilnius in November 2013. [150], After the breakup of the USSR in 1991, energy shortages, political uncertainty, trade obstacles and weak administrative capacity contributed to the decline of Moldova's economy. [227], Most retail businesses close on New Year's Day and Independence Day, but remain open on all other holidays. [175], On 6 June 2012, the Government approved the licensing of 4G / LTE for mobile operators. 8b/2013 i 41b/2013)", "Population Census 2004: Population by main nationalities, mother tongue and language usually spoken", National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova, "Structure of population by language usually used for communication and age groups on 2014 census", "English the most preferred foreign language among Moldovan students", "DN Carnevale - A Context-Grounded Approach to Religious Freedom: The Case of Orthodoxy in the Moldovan Republic", "2020 Report on International Religious Freedom: Moldova", "Bologna Process Template for National Reports: 20052007 (Moldova)", "Romnia ofer tinerilor moldoveni 5.000 de burse n licee i universiti", "Presedintele Klaus Iohannis l-a primit, la Suceava, pe Nicolae Timofti: "Republica Moldova isi poate implini destinul doar in Uniunea Europeana. The controversial results of this election sparked the April 2009 Moldovan parliamentary election protests. Montenegro According to the 2014 census preliminary data, 2,998,235 inhabitants lived in Moldova (within the areas controlled by the central government), an 11.3% decrease from the figure recorded at the 2004 census. Moldova Formerly known as Bessarabia, this region was an integral part of the Romanian principality of Moldavia until 1812, when it was ceded to Russia by its suzerain, the sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Resisting pre-election pressures for selective spending increases and returning to the path of fiscal consolidation would reduce reliance on exceptionally high donor support. "[100] Prime Minister Natalia Gavrilita stated on 28 February 2022 that Moldova should rapidly move to become a member of the European Union;[101] the country submitted a formal application for EU membership on 3 March 2022,[102] and was subsequently granted the status of candidate country by the European Council on 23 June 2022[103] along with Ukraine. The Republic of Moldova was ranked 64th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021, down from 58th in 2019. Germany's broadcaster Deutsche Welle also raised concerns about the alleged influence of Moldovan oligarch Vladimir Plahotniuc over the Filip government. . The country's name is derived from the Moldova River which flows through the modern day country of Romania. The Moldovan language (or dialect) differs only . After winning the 1996 presidential elections, on 15 January 1997, Petru Lucinschi, the former First Secretary of the Moldavian Communist Party in 198991, became the country's second president (19972001), succeeding Mircea Snegur (19911996). To bridge this gap with respect to paternal lineages, we analyzed 37 binary and 17 multiallelic (STRs) polymorphisms on the non-recombining portion of the Y chromosome in . The most successful football club is Sheriff Tiraspol, the first and only Moldovan club to qualify for the group stage of the Champions League and the Europa League. Life expectancy in the ex-Soviet country is 67.5 years for men and 75.5 years for women, both among the poorest in Europe. For the historical principality, see, Romanian language (Moldovan) by district (2014), Union with Romania and the return of the Russians, Reincorporation into Romania and the Soviet occupation, Transnistria breaks away (1990 to present). The number of mobile telephone users in Moldova increased by 47.3% in the first quarter of 2008 against the last year and exceeded 2.89 million. Moldova is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. [206] Likewise, more than half of preschool children in Moldova benefit from Romania funded program to renovate and equip kindergartens. In August 2013, work began on a new pipeline between Moldova and Romania that may eventually break Russia's monopoly on Moldova's gas supplies. The assembly pressured the authorities of the Moldavian SSR to adopt a language law on 31 August 1989 that proclaimed the Moldovan language written in the Latin script to be the state language of the MSSR. [33] Nonetheless, the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth continued to strongly influence Moldavia both through national politics as well as on the local level through significant intermarriage between Moldavian nobility and the Polish szlachta. **If counted as European countries rather than Asian countries, the transcontinental countries Azerbaijan ($4,214) and Armenia ($4,268) would also appear on the above list. Although only 4.1% are ethnic Russians, Russian is still used as the main language by 14.5% of the total population. [58] Similar events occurred in the 1930s in the Moldavian ASSR. In addition, 7.0% of the population declared themselves Romanians, amid the controversy over ethnic and linguistic identity in Moldova. Belarus - $6,411. [207] Almost all the population is literate: the literacy rate of the population aged 15 and over is estimated at 99.4% (as of 2015[update]). [63] The Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Moldova is assessing the activity of the communist totalitarian regime. [148], Another animal which was extinct in Moldova since the 18th century until recently was the European Wood Bison or wisent. In November 2014, Moldova's central bank took control of Banca de Economii, the country's largest lender, and two smaller institutions, Banca Sociala and Unibank. German was the third-ranked choice.[198]. The economy of Moldova began to change in 2001; and until 2008, the country saw a steady annual growth between 5% and 10%. As a part of an ambitious economic liberalization effort, Moldova introduced a convertible currency, liberalized all prices, stopped issuing preferential credits to state enterprises, backed steady land privatization, removed export controls, and liberalized interest rates. The government entered into agreements with the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to promote growth. Moldova, located in the eastern region of the Balkans, has a population of about 3.4 million people, 75% of whom are ethnic Moldovans. [79] In 2015, Shor was still at large, after a period of house arrest. 8 December]1917). Plans for a union with Romania were abandoned,[64] and the new Constitution gave autonomy to the breakaway Transnistria and Gagauzia. The Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova managed to stay in power for eight years. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian Government has frequently used its connections with the Russian Orthodox Church to block and stymie the integration of former Soviet states like Moldova into the West. The Slavs speak mainly Indo-European Slavic Language. The union was conditional upon fulfilment of the agrarian reform, autonomy, and respect for universal human rights. When in May 1600, Michael the Brave removed Ieremia Movil from Moldavia's throne by winning the battle of Bacu, briefly reuniting under his rule Moldavia, Wallachia, and Transylvania, a Polish army led by Jan Zamoyski drove the Wallachians from Moldavia. Its capital city is Chiinu, located in the south-central part of the country. [58] In 194453, there were several anti-Soviet resistance groups in Moldova; however the NKVD and later MGB managed to eventually arrest, execute or deport their members. The economy recovered from the drought-related contraction in 2012. [219], The percentage of adults (aged 1549) living with HIV/AIDS was estimated in 2009 at 0.40%. Colonization brought in numerous Great Russian peasants, and the Russian bureaucracy imported Russian office-holders and professional men; according to the Romanian estimate of 1920, there were about 75,000 (2.9%) Great Russians in the territory, and the Lipovans and Cossacks numbered 59,000 (2.2%); the Little Russians (Ukrainians) came to 254,000 (9.6%). [129], On 12 November 2014, the US donated to Moldovan Armed Forces 39 Humvees and 10 trailers, with a value of US$700,000, to the 22nd Peacekeeping Battalion of the Moldovan National Army to "increase the capability of Moldovan peacekeeping contingents. Ethnic Germans left in 1940. The country's main cities are the capital Chiinu, in the centre of the country, Tiraspol (in the eastern region of Transnistria), Bli (in the north) and Bender (in the south-east). Main dishes include beef, pork, potatoes, cabbage, and a variety of cereals. In August 1939, the MolotovRibbentrop Pact and its secret additional protocol were signed, by which Nazi Germany recognized Bessarabia as being within the Soviet sphere of influence, which led the latter to actively revive its claim to the region. [217] Health expenditure was US$138 (PPP) per capita in 2004. During the periods 19401941 and 19441953, deportations of locals to the northern Urals, to Siberia, and northern Kazakhstan occurred regularly, with the largest ones on 1213 June 1941, and 56 July 1949, accounting from MSSR alone for 18,392[f] and 35,796 deportees respectively. Moldovan [93] On 28 April 2021, Sandu dissolved the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova after the Constitutional Court ended Moldova's state of emergency which had been brought about by the coronavirus pandemic. dollars. Among most prominent classical musicians in Moldova are Maria Bieu, one of the leading world's sopranos and the winner of the Japan International Competition; pianist Mark Zeltser, winner of the USSR National Competition, Long-Thibaud-Crespin Competition in Paris and Busoni Competition in Bolzano, Italy. The matter of whether or not Moldovan is a separate language continues to be contested politically within and beyond the Republic of Moldova. More than 10,000 supporters turn out for home internationals. The prehistory of Moldova covers the period from the Upper Paleolithic which begins with the presence of Homo sapiens in the area of Southeastern Europe some 44,000 years ago and extends into the appearance of the first written records in Classical Antiquity in Greece. While most of the country is hilly, elevations never exceed 430m (1,411ft) the highest point being the Blneti Hill. The history of Slavic languages has undergone periods of significant change and significant development, as well as times of decline, leaving behind many fascinating dialects along the way. [89] The country reported its first death from the disease on 18 March 2020, when the total number of cases reached 30. The 1994 Constitution of Moldova sets the framework for the government of the country. On 7 June, the Constitutional Court, which is largely believed to be controlled by Vladimir Plahotniuc[83] from the Democratic Party, announced that they had temporarily removed the sitting president, Igor Dodon, from power due to his inability to call new parliamentary elections as the parliament did not form a coalition within three months of the validation of the election results. The government's goal of EU integration has resulted in some market-oriented progress. [21] The origin of the name of the river remains unclear. Moldova is one of the poorest countries in. The Moldova State University and the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, the main scientific organizations of Moldova, were established in 1946. [citation needed] Infotag is the state news agency. [28] The Polish state was powerful enough to counter the Hungarian Kingdom which was consistently interested in bringing the area that would become Moldavia into its political orbit. The president appoints a prime minister who functions as the head of government, and who in turn assembles a cabinet, both subject to parliamentary approval. It was a brief war between Moldovan and separatist Transnistrian forces, with Russia intervening militarily on Transnistria's side. Petru I profited from the end of the Polish-Hungarian union and moved the country closer to the Jagiellon realm, becoming a vassal of king Jogaila of Poland on 26 September 1387. [75] In March 2012, Nicolae Timofti was elected as president of Moldova in a parliamentary vote, becoming the first full-time president since Vladimir Voronin, a Communist, resigned in September 2009. Economic activity grew cumulatively by about 24 percent; consumer price inflation was brought under control; and real wages increased cumulatively by about 13 percent. Premierul Natalia Gavrilia a demisionat", "Moldovan government quits amid economic turmoil, Russia tensions", "The World Reacts to Russia's Invasion of Ukraine", "Moldova vows to seek closer ties with Europe despite fears of provoking Russia", "With war on its doorstep, Moldova applies for EU membership", "European Council conclusions on Ukraine, the membership applications of Ukraine, the Republic of Moldova and Georgia, Western Balkans and external relations, 23 June 2022", "Moldauische Konfliktregion Transnistrien meldet Explosionen", "Moldovan ex-president detained for alleged graft, treason | DW | 24.05.2022", "Debris of Russian missile downed by Ukraine lands in Moldovan village", "MAI, cu noi detalii despre despre racheta czut la Briceni: "La moment nu exist niciun risc pentru ceteni", "Moldova says missile debris found in north of the country", "Rocket debris found again in Moldova, from war next door", "The Constitution of the Republic of Moldova, 2000", "DECIS: eful statului va fi ales de popor; Modificarea din 2000 a Constituiei privind alegerea preedintelui de Parlament, NECONSTITUIONAL", "Europe's poorest nation passes IMF-backed retirement age increase", "Moldova Calls on Russian Troops To Leave Transdniestr", "Shooting at Checkpoint Raises Tensions in a Disputed Region Claimed by Moldova", "EU to grant 90 million to crisis-hit Moldova", "Moldova to get $570 million in IMF loans", "Poland will support Moldova in its European integration efforts", "First meeting of Romania and Rep. of Moldova Governments, concluded with initialling of several bilateral agreements", "Joint meeting of the Government of Romania and Government of the Republic of Moldova", Moldova elected pro-European judge Timofti as president, ending 3 years of political deadlock, "Bsescu: Urmtorul proiect de ar al Romniei, unirea cu Basarabia", "European Union EEAS (European External Action Service) EU forges closer ties with Ukraine, Georgia and Moldova", "European Commission PRESS RELEASES Press release Remarks by President Barroso at the signing of the Association Agreements with Georgia, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine", "EU leaders grant candidate status to Ukraine and Moldova", "Moldova's military agreements to help strengthen regional security", "2014 Embassy of the United States Chiinu, Moldova", "Ilascu and Others vs. Moldova and Russia", "Moldova 2011 Crime and Safety Report Bureau of Diplomatic Security", "Moldova: UN human rights expert calls for more fostering of religious diversity", "Law on Preventing and Combating Family Violence", "Clasificatorul unitilor administrativ-teritoriale (CUATM)", "An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm", "Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity", "O suhaku, ktry z suchych stepw przyby", "Belarus, Moldova discuss bison exchange program", "Moldova GDP (purchasing power parity) Historical Data Graphs per Year", "2014 Article IV consultation and first post-program monitoring discussions Staff report; press release; and statement by the Executive Director for the Republic of Moldova". Moldova's hills are part of the Moldavian Plateau, which geologically originate from the Carpathian Mountains. The Moldovan Intelligence and Security Service has estimated that 600,000 to one million Moldovan citizens (almost 25% of the population) are working abroad. Reconomica ", "Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and their Member States, of the one part, and the Republic of Moldova, of the other part", "Download entire World Economic Outlook database", "This Massive Underground City is Filled With Wine", "Legea cu privire la seciile pentru reforma agrar n cadrul organelor de autoadministrare local ale Republicii Moldova Nr.129 din 02.03.92, Monitorul Oficial nr.3/80, 1992", R. Moldova are deja peste dou milioane de utilizatori ai serviciilor de telefonie mobil, "Orange launches HD mobile phone service", "the Government approved the licensing of 4G / LTE for mobile operators", Strengthening Social Cohesion and a Common Identity in the Republic of Moldova, "Statistical Yearbook of Moldova 2017: Results of the 2004 Population Census: 2. It stretches for 200km (120mi) (though only 55km (34mi) is in use) and holds almost 2 million bottles of wine[170], Moldova's rich soil and temperate continental climate (with warm summers and mild winters) have made the country one of the most productive agricultural regions since ancient times, and a major supplier of agricultural products in southeastern Europe. A political crisis in early 2013 led to policy slippages in the fiscal and financial areas. Although Moldova has been independent from the Soviet Union since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Nistru River in the breakaway region of Transnistria. The Moldovans, Romania, Russia and the Politics of Culture , 2000. [64] The motives behind this move were fear of the rise of nationalism in Moldova. [30][31] Under his rule, which lasted 47 years, Moldavia experienced a glorious political and cultural period.[32]. Post-Soviet . [90], In the November 2020 presidential election, the pro-European opposition candidate Maia Sandu was elected as the new president of the republic, defeating incumbent pro-Russian president Igor Dodon and thus becoming the first female elected president of Moldova. The sole international air gateway of Moldova is the Chiinu International Airport. World War I brought in a rise in political and cultural (ethnic) awareness among the inhabitants of the region, as 300,000 Bessarabians were drafted into the Russian Army formed in 1917; within bigger units several "Moldavian Soldiers' Committees" were formed. During this time, Moldavia was invaded repeatedly by Crimean Tatars and, beginning in the 15th century, by the Ottoman Turks. Population: 2.1: Population and the demographic structure", "Republic of Moldova 2014 - Census de facto complete tabulation", "Ethnic composition of Transnistria 2004", "The text of the Declaration of Independence prevails over the text of the Constitution", "Declaraia de independena a Republicii Moldova, Moldova Suveran", "A Field Guide to the Main Languages of Europe Spot that language and how to tell them apart", "ADEPT: Laws of the Republic of Moldova: The Constitution of the Republic of Moldova", "Hotrre Nr. [221], Moldova's cultural tradition has been influenced primarily by the Romanian origins of its majority population, the roots of which go back to the second century AD, the period of Roman colonization in Dacia. [139] The lowest temperature ever recorded was 35.5C (31.9F) on 20 January 1963 in Brtueni, Edine county. Three months later, on 2 March 1992, the country gained formal recognition as an independent state at the United Nations. The early 2000s also saw a considerable growth of emigration of Moldovans looking for work (mostly illegally) in Russia (especially the Moscow region), Italy, Portugal, Spain, and other countries; remittances from Moldovans abroad account for almost 38% of Moldova's GDP, the second-highest percentage in the world, after Tajikistan (45%).[68][69]. [202][203][204][205], As of 2015[update], Romania allocates 5,000 scholarships in high schools and universities for Moldovan students. Moldova has a climate which is moderately continental; its proximity to the Black Sea leads to the climate being mildly cold in the autumn and winter and relatively cool in the spring and summer.[138]. E.Slovak includes Bel. [70][71][72], In August 2009, four Moldovan parties (Liberal Democratic Party, Liberal Party, Democratic Party, and Our Moldova Alliance) agreed to create the Alliance For European Integration that pushed the Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova into opposition. The states made up of the Slavs account for about 50% of the territory of Europe. During the periods 1812-1917 and 194489, Moldovans were influenced by Russian and Soviet administrative control as well and by ethnic Russian immigration.[222].