WebAs discussed in earlier chapters, urbanization in Ghana has not been driven by an agricultural revolution and the development of a labor-intensive manufacturing sector but by rapid development control in towns and cities difficult. This shift stems in part from the break-down of collective, kinship-oriented systems of production and reproduction. 1987; Binswanger and McIntire 1987; McIntire et al. degeneration of livelihoods especially the urban poor. The urbanization process in Ghana involves the local commu nity, the family, the school, and the peer group in a continuous sequence of influences upon the behavior of youth. We find that the effect of urbanization itself is strong, evident, and complex, and persists after we control for the effects of age, cohort, union status, and education. The family is also marked by tensions between African cultural values, Christian teachings, secularism, religions and other ideologies. The traditional African family which is known to be agrarian, polygamous and extended has undergone changes where nuclear and asymmetrical types have emerged; family support for the fares are exorbitant. Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. URBAN AREA is that place where the density of human population is higher and the human-built features are vast in number when compared to its surroundings. Services value added in the most urbanized areas is 51.0% of, To meet the higher urbanization and higher population new infrastructure has to be provided and as well as has to upgrade the current. However, in the other district groups that either have small cities or no cities in the North, the share of agriculture-only households increased during this period. Urban dwellers access to social services such as water, sanitation, electricity, security, markets,
Only in the areas with relatively larger cities did non-agriculture-only households dominate in the rural areas in 2010. However, the picture is highly contrasted between less (76.1%) and more urbanized areas (21.3%). African society has been undergoing tremendous changes in every aspect of life including family structure and marriage. Despite internal differences between urban and rural settings and among African regions, the slow economic growth rates and the mismatch between educational outcomes and labour opportunities have compelled smaller family size. All rights reserved. Based on this idea of S curve, he predicts an end to urbanization. The principle that guides relationships is that of Ubuntu or you are because we are and the extended family thus becomes a means of social, psychological, moral, material and spiritual support through thick and thin. In Ghana, urban livelihoods depend on the transportation system and
Some of the bad being overpopulation. Ghana has rapidly urbanized in recent decades, through the development of many secondary and small cities as well as through growth of large cities, particularly in the South of the country. The findings do not lend much support to the expectation that various aspects of urbanization lead inevitably and irrevocably to the disappearance of three-generational households and to the maintenance of nuclear households. Urbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. In some countries like Kenya, Ghana, South Africa and Ethiopia, over one third of the heads of households are female. 1992), which emphasize the role of market access as well as population pressure (resulting in decreased access to land) in driving agricultural intensification, suggest that farmers in more urbanized areas will be more likely to adopt agricultural intensification practices and technologies. In the documentary The ten Town That Changed America Geoffrey Baer illustrates the evolution of ten popular cities of the 21st century America. state are channeled into addressing that flooding situation which that disaster could have been
Classifying districts based on their level of urbanization reflects farmers access to different-sized market centers with different population densities (Table 5.1). Mapping Division, among others charged with the responsibility of regulating and managing
Rural households in all the three district groups in the agriculturally important North have a higher predicted probability of using fertilizers than households in the South, which as we mentioned above, may be driven by increasing soil fertility problems in the North. Others are headed by grandparents and children. The induced innovation hypothesis predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices, both in terms of land-use patterns and the choice of technologies. McIntire, John, Daniel Bourzat, and Prabhu Pingali. Urbanization in Ghana This was mirrored by an almost equivalent pattern of decline in the shares of agriculture-only rural households in the South and the district group with 2nd-tier cities in the North. policies and measures to curtail the menace of rapid urbanisation to achieve sustainable
Management Organisation (NADMO) for assistance. Ghanas key challenge now is to ensure that urbanization continues to complement growth Analyzing Trends in Herbicide Use in Sub-Saharan Africa. Thus, while many rural households have switched entirely from agriculture to non-agriculture, a declining share of rural households are straddling the two sectors through their primary occupations. The average farm size for the small farms with less than 2 ha is about 0.91 and 0.95 ha in 2005/6 (GLSS5) and 2012/13 (GLSS6), respectively, at the national level, and 3.02 ha and 3.05 ha for the farm size group of 25 ha in these two rounds of the surveys, while farms of 520 ha in size have become marginally smaller on average. And while the impacts are mixed in districts with larger cities, poverty rates have fallen for all household types in the non-city districts. effects of urbanisation on urban livelihoods. We now examine changes in the structure of rural employment across the seven district groups. Individualization of the family system in Ghana has implications for residential housing access particularly in urban areas. become resilient and competitive, urban dwellers have access to high order municipal services, job creation and employment TRANSITION IN GHANA: URBANIZATION, Our discrete-time event-history analysis shows that urban women exhibit fertility rates that are, on average, 11% lower than those of rural women, but the effects vary by parity. Cities such as Accra, Kumasi, Tema and
It is to be expected that the changes in household employment and livelihood patterns associated with urbanization will also have impacted on household welfare. Yet, there have been few studies on changes involved in these processes, and almost no research on changes in families. travels. As such, more recent interpretations of the induced innovation theory (Pingali et al. Note: the households that did not report any primary job are not reported in the table; therefore, the sum of the three groups does not equal 100. However, urbanization has been especially rapid in the past two decades, as shown in Figure 5.1. The cross For years, internal migration from rural to urban areas has been the essential mechanism for job opportunities, social mobility and income transfers. Figure 5.4 shows the share of non-agriculture-only rural households that reported having cultivated farmland, which in 2012/13 was about 60 percent in the North but less than 30 percent in the South. The decline was most marked in Southern big city districts (from 42 percent to 12 percent). WebWith the advancing lifestyles and further developments in personal mobility that defines todays society, the family still plays a crucial role of contemporary life. Urban growth coupled with ineffective urban planning
A probit model is used to test how the probability of using different types of modern inputs is associated with urbanization, while controlling for a number of household and locational characteristics. The trafficking of children in close border interactions has also affected the African family. City governance and poverty: the case It demonstrates how uncontrolled and unplanned growth in urban Ghana has led to extensive permeable surfaces being replaced by concrete surfaces and rooftops. American Urbanization started like a wildfire and it spread so rapidly that facilities and institutions in society could not keep up. These later relationships were interpreted in terms of the importance of family and kinship in Brazil particularly at the upper-class levels and in terms of living arrangements of children before and after marriage. More generally, fertilizer appears to be used mainly for offsetting declining soil fertility rather than intensification. Thus the consequence of the legacy of Apartheid is the high number of single parent families, resulting largely from pregnancy outside marriage and from divorce. Table 5.2 reports the shares of rural households for each of the three types of households based on the census data. About 40 percent of farm households used mechanization in 2012/13 in the North, compared to less than 30 percent in the South (Table 5.8). Justice is Section 5.3 discusses the association between urbanization and changes in the structure of rural employment and its welfare implications. However, contrary to the bivariate relationship of Table 5.5, in which we could not find a consistent pattern of increased use of fertilizer with levels of urbanization within each of the two regions, the probit estimation shows that in the North, the higher the urbanization levelmeasured by the size of cities in different district groups, the higher the predicted probability of using fertilizer. Betty Bingome and Gilbert M. Khadiagala have observed that, in most urban areas, factors such as wage labour, the monetized economy and cost of living, have altered the value of children. From 2005/6 to 2012/13, the predicted probability of using herbicides/insecticides and mechanization increases by 34.6 percent and 14.9 percent, respectively, while the predicted probability of hiring labor decreases by 7.43 percent, indicating a possible substitution of labor by machinery and herbicides. The probability for any modern input use or labor hiring increases by 4.1810.3 percent in the communities with easy access to public transportation, while market access seems to be only positively associated with hiring labor and the sign is negative for the use of other inputs. Moreover, urbanization has involved growth in medium and small towns as well as large cities, perhaps bringing more local opportunities to rural-based households. Of course this has brought many benefits, but resulting factors such as urbanization and the hunger for industrial and global economic growth has led to many problems, not the least of which is climate change. The Effects of Urbanization: The Music of the Thus the trend toward modernity is evident in the gradual transformation of African marriage and family organization away from corporate kinship and extended families toward nuclear households, especially in urban areas and among the educated. WebThis chapter explores how urbanization in Ghana has affected agricultural development in terms of rural employment, the farm size distribution, and use of modern inputs. Urbanization has already had a strong effect on Ghanas transformation. By 2010, Ghanas urban populationdefined as people living in settlements of more than 5,000 peoplesurpassed 50 percent of the total population for the first time (GSS 2013). Some of these studies predict that the extended family will disappear altogether. Membership in families varies in different African communities from adopted and fostered children to servants, slaves and their children, as among the Baganda of Uganda. wetlands in urban areas of Ghana are not been properly managed by urban managers as people
Municipal authorities should put in place implementation
In this section we explore how the changes in poverty are related to the urbanization, by disaggregating poverty rates according to our urban district typology. (2016), who measure urban gravity in Kenya using satellite images of the light intensity emanating from urban areas into surrounding rural villages. In the probit analysis, female-headed households have a lower probability of using modern inputs, which is consistent with many other studies (Quisumbing 1995). 8e^o\^CB7.89u*.j`w~m>`;94d7mwhF] 0ypY K,,}f1~I&f1@ ;_'~cQq_W`IW%O8qr
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hayuh]l@?Lq vfL3H!* 'C*Sac The spatial morphology of urban areas cannot be overlooked when looking at urbanisation and
In the North, the level of mechanization is significantly higher in the 2nd-tier city districts than other districts, particularly among smallholders with less than 2 ha of land. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Effects of Population Increase on Housing as Land use in Ghana The family is a unit of production, consumption, reproduction and accumulation. The probit estimates show a similar relationship between farm size and use of fertilizer as we observe in Table 5.6, i.e., the smaller the farm size is for a rural household, the less likely for it to use fertilizer. Population densities by district group, 2000 and 2010 (people/km, Distribution of rural households by agricultural, nonagricultural, and mixed occupations across district groups (each type of districts total rural households = 100), Types of primary employment amongst non-agriculture-only households, by district type, 2000 and 2010, Rural poverty rate in the north and south across district groups, Shares of rural households by farm size and district group, 2005/6, Shares of rural households by farm size and district group, 2012/13, Share of rural farm households using organic and inorganic fertilizer, 2012/13, Share of rural farm households using herbicides or insecticides, 2012/13, Share of rural households using mechanization, 2012/13, Probit model regressions for input use, pooled data of GLSS5 and GLSS6, Scoping Study on the Evolution of Industry in Ghana. governments able to provide infrastructure services at cheaper cost due to concentration and
The probit results for the use of herbicides/insecticides, hiring labor and use of mechanization also show that the smaller the farm size, the less likely they are to be used. governments lack adequate financial resources to support infrastructure provision and services to
Urbanisation has brought about high rent charges. Most people were working for long hours for very little money to survive. The cost of commuting to the city centres to access municipal services in
Rising through Cities in Ghana: The time for action is now to fully In the probit estimation, we have pooled data together from the two rounds of surveysGLSS5 and GLSS6, and hence we also include a year dummy for 2012/13 (GLSS6), as well as the interactive effects of year and youth and year and gender in the regression. dwellers. One was assigned to a particular community and was assigned distinct roles at various stages of life on the basis of age, gender and social status. In the event of difficulties and conflicts, separation and divorce have become the norm. effects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana Informal trade is more prevalent than informal manufacturing, and more so in 2010 than in 2000. terms of travel time and distance has to be borne by the urban dwellers. In both the South and North, rural households exit from agriculture has been highly correlated with proximity to cities and their population sizes. Copyright 2023 Eternal Word Television Network, Inc. Irondale, Alabama. The latter included farm size group, type of household head (youth, gender, level of education), the degree of urbanization of the districts in which the households live (using our district typology), and a set of infrastructural variables such as access to markets, public transportation, or electricity at the rural community level. The family is still the locus of the transmission of values and acquisition of identity, and it provides a framework of inclusion regardless of ones character, age, status etc. There is a Gikuyu proverb that captures this idea, asserting that once born, a child cannot be abandoned. especially drivers, it has enormously impacted negatively on the livelihoods of ordinary urban
Moreover, the majority of the total population lives in districts with cities of at least 40,000 people in both regions; 40 percent of the rural population also lives in such districts. MAJOR TRENDS AFFECTING FAMILIES IN SUB From 1850 to 1900 America completely changed from its agricultural state into a new industry based society. WebPage 4 of 15 co-residence. We classify rural households into three types based on members reported primary occupations in the census or GLSS data: (1) agricultural households that have members whose primary employment is in agriculture and that have no family members primarily engaged in non-agriculturecalled agriculture-only households; (2) nonagricultural households that have members whose primary employment is in non-agriculture and having no members whose primary employment is in agriculturecalled non-agriculture-only households; and (3) households that have members with primary employment in both agriculture and non-agriculturecalled mixed households. Ghana has created land use disorder and uncontrolled urban sprawl. urbanisation on livelihoods of urban dwellers in Ghana, it has some significance. These are mapped in Figure 5.3. However, the marginal effect is positive for hiring labor among female-headed households, possibly due to the labor constraints such households face. Takoradi which are experiencing rapid urbanisation lack adequate housing to accommodate the
We distinguish between the agriculturally dominant north, comprising the regions of Brong Ahafo, Northern, Upper East, and Upper West, which we call the North. Such families tend to be individualistic and couples no longer benefit from the counsel of elders. Not only did countries become greatly dependent upon one another, but it has also influenced peoples lifestyles and the global economy. During the 1970s, there was a decline in the housing in inner cities, which caused the push to rehab the deteriorating housing near the central business districts. But what defines an urban area and what makes it so attractive? disorder and uncontrolled urban sprawl; increasing environmental deterioration; inadequate
Request Permissions, E. Wilbur Bock, Sugiyama Iutaka and Felix M. Berardo, International Journal of Sociology of the Family. Kingsley Davis, who is said to have pioneered the study of historical urban demography wrote his The Urbanization of the Human population in 1965. Over the past 160 years the population of people living in rural areas, defined as areas with a population density below 400 people per square kilometre, has steadily declined. 1975 International Journals WebUrbanization in Ghana: Challenges and Strengths Ghanas urban transformation has been momentous, but it is not unique; a similar process has characterized other countries at similar levels of development. Rural households defined as agricultural only or agricultural and nonagricultural mixed households in GLSS5 are included in the regressions. A large number of children grow up in female-headed families with little or no financial support. The latest Kenya Health and Demographic Survey (2013) demonstrates that 45% of women and 10% of men have reported being violated by an intimate partner. Employment in industry Some of the rehabilitation of the deteriorating housing was publicly subsidized, but the majority was financed by the private market. The regression also shows a significant increase in the predicted probability of using fertilizer in 2012/13 relative to 2005/6, suggesting that fertilizer subsidy introduced since 2007/8 could be leading to more fertilizer use among all types of farm households. The result has been a substantial decline in the share of households who depend primarily on agriculture. Extended Family System In Ghana - 1322 Words - Internet Public * Associate Professor of Philosophy and Religious Studies and Director of Gender Equity and Empowerment at Kenyatta University, Nairobi, L'Osservatore Romano Weekly Edition in English 23 October 2015, page 15, For subscriptions to the English edition, contact: Our Sunday Visitor: L'Osservatore Romano, EWTN | 5817 Old Leeds Rd. Table 5.4 displays poverty rates for agriculture-only and non-agriculture-only rural households as well as for total rural households in the North and South across different district groups in 2005/6 and 2012/13. ^*ykZ^?]_f@C7Vnio~?Hm+?k}az84?6l6fjkyS/T)E~Fe&V/8MMW_UusKJAD=vw[wD\gy1k]uhJ1~>`/a& Despite this exit, the share of rural agriculture-only households remains high in district groups without big and secondary cities in both the North and South, averaging 46 percent even in the South in 2010. We examine these relationships in this section. Extended Family Institutions such as Town and Country
infrastructure and services. Central Business Districts of which many of the urban poor do not live close to those services. Even though the changes during urbanization did not come easily due to immense diversity, they still paved the way to modern day America. Family In this paper, the authors examined the effects Hopefully, the present research stimulates further investigation of the impact of early stages of urbanization and industrialization. It is a win-win and loss-loss situation for urban dwellers. However, despite these changes, the majority of rural households still held cultivated land in 2012/13 in all types of districts except big city districts (Table 5.5b). In his essay, he states that the history of the world is in fact the history of urbanization and then begins with description of how tiny European settlements grew slowly through the Middle Ages and the early modern period. Urbanization is a process that has occurred, or is occurring, in nearly every part of the world that humans have inhabited. Accra. Along with changes in occupation patterns, there have also been changes in the distribution of land amongst rural households (Tables 5.5a and 5.5b). that urbanisation would continue to make the urban poor poorer and the rich richer if pragmatic
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Pingali, Prabhu, Yves Bigot, and Hans P. Binswanger. Individualization of the family system in Ghana has implications for residential housing access particularly in urban areas. societies especially since the last century. The UN projects that nearly 50% of the Sub-Saharan Africa population will be urban by 2025. In both the North and South, small farms are less likely to use herbicides or insecticides than medium-sized or large farms (with exceptions for larger-than-20-ha size group in the South, (again possibly due to few observations in the survey). WebAbstract. are encroaching upon them. s]`&8RJ8$ %:8FD07a~+|qsTA}1@y-9o"'kl=u6l8iVyNr [?A6ak`CT0R^hMZ T HE effect of urbanization The findings show though that while there has been substantial uptake of fertilizers, herbicides, and mechanization in recent years, there is only limited support that this has been driven by urbanization. 5 0 obj without conscious efforts and interventions by municipal and metropolitan authorities. Urbanization without industrialization is a major feature in Ghana, as elsewhere in much of Africa. A similar analysis using the GLSS data for 2005/6 and 2012/13 gives similar results and is not reported here. The lower use in the South is possibly due to the problems with tree stumps in the forest zone. The cultural, social and moral norms of the community that were applied within the extended family helped an individual to grow into a productive and respected member of the community. %j;4 ,/
But how have these welfare gains been spatially distributed, and how do they relate to urbanization? lots, etc. Thus, rather than any pattern of induced fertilizer adoption from urbanization, these data suggest that the main drivers of increased fertilizer use may have been a) the need to maintain soil fertility and crop yields in the North as fallow periods were shortened, and b) possibly the introduction the governments fertilizer subsidy policy in 2007/8. This is no coincidence: no We were not able to include the mixed households because the sample sizes in the GLSS surveys for this group were too small. In the traditional pre-colonial society, polygamy was practiced and such marriages contributed to the extension of family relationships by incorporating many people. Urban sociology, the sociological study of life and human interaction in metropolitan areas, gained prominence within the academy in North America through a group of sociologists and theorists at the University of Chicago from 1915 to 1940. It is also possible that better access to public transportation allows farmers to get access to market through traders who can come to villages directly. the low income earners. The four paramount changes that occured during Americas urbanization period were new immigration, the build up of cities (skyscrapers and mass transit), living conditions, and boss rule and the rise of mass consumption. Note: Urban population share is for the census years, which is the ending year of each period along the x-axis. The sign of marginal effect tends to be negative, if significant, for the other types of district groups in both North and South. among others is hampered due to rapid urbanisation. Berdegue, J., F. Carriazo, B. Jara et al. Fertilizer use, particularly inorganic fertilizer, has increased significantly in Ghana from 3.7 kg NPK/ha arable land in 2002 to 35.8 kg/ha in 2013 (Chapter 4).