It seems to have been a rather slow burning spark between 1789 and 1791. [82] The government attracted criticism in the House of Commons about the mounting costs of the expedition to Saint-Domingue. Accessed 26 March 2015. During this time, there was a familiar situation going on back in their homeland as these Polish soldiers were fighting for their liberty from the occupying forces of Russia, Prussia, and Austria that began in 1772. Enlightened thought divided the world into "enlightened leaders" and "ignorant masses";[26] Louverture sought to bridge this divide between the popular masses and the enlightened few by striking a balance between Western Enlightened thought as a necessary means of winning liberation, and not propagating the notion that it was morally superior to the experiences and knowledge of people of color on Saint-Domingue. Girard, Philippe. A small comment about the name of the colony. In July 1825, the French King, Charles X, sent an armed flotilla of warships to Haiti with the message that the young nation would have to pay France 150 million francs to secure its. Toussaint defeated a British expeditionary force in 1798. Waves of suspicion meant that the government rounded up and killed thousands of suspects, ranging from known aristocrats to people thought to oppose the leaders. Whats interesting is that they had their freedom, and they were recognized by their fathers, which we dont frequently see in other parts of the new world, and sent by their fathers to be educated in France. Through the struggle, the Haitian people ultimately won independence from France and thereby became the first country to be founded by former slaves. The revolt began on 22 August 1791,[3] and ended in 1804 with the former colony's independence. [105] One of the French columns was commanded by General Donatien de Rochambeau, a proud white supremacist and a supporter of slavery who detested the Haitians for wanting to be free. So they just took the Spanish pronunciation and used it with a French accent. In parallel to the killings, plundering and rape also occurred. 4.01- Saint-Domingue - Revolutions 03 April 2017 at 06:45 AM. Leclerc also gave Toussaint a plantation at Ennery. Todd Halwas | [108] As hopeful as the Haitians, many Poles were seeking union amongst themselves to win back their freedom and independence by organizing an uprising. A conspiracy led by the mulatto elites ultimately led to Dessalines assassination and two separate sovereign states of Haiti. Revolutions aired from 15 September 2013 to 3 July 2022. Also, on the French side, none of the colonies were making as much money as Haiti, so they were trying to maintain control even while there was a lot of turmoil in France. 'The Greatest Heist In History': How Haiti Was Forced To Pay - NPR While Haiti suffered major economic setbacks during the early years of the post revolutionary era, the ideals of freedom and anti-colonialism never ceased to be part of the Haitian consciousness. France's transformation was most influential in Europe, and Haiti's influence spanned every location that continued to practice slavery. Though the amount of the reparations was reduced to 90million francs in 1838, Haiti was unable to finish paying off its debt until 1947. Revolutions Podcast by Mike Duncan - S4: Haitian Revolution - Episode 1 Khwarezmid 3.87K subscribers Subscribe 19K views 4 years ago Link (s) to the episode (s):. [7], Duncan's interest in Roman history grew from a "general interest in ancient civilizations." The Royal Navy squadrons soon blockaded the French-held ports of Cap Franais and Mle-Saint-Nicolas on the Northern coast of the French colony. In the 1660s, the French began to settle in the west part of the island, and they established a colony. 1 September 2012. [115], By the end of April 1804, some 3,000 to 5,000 people had been killed[135] practically eradicating the country's white population. [14] The death rate from yellow fever was such that at least 50% of the slaves from Africa died within a year of arriving, so while the white planters preferred to work their slaves as hard as possible, providing them only the bare minimum of food and shelter, they calculated that it was better to get the most work out of their slaves with the lowest expense possible, since they were probably going to die of yellow fever anyway. [95] According to the Encyclopedia of African American Politics, "Between 1791 and independence in 1804 nearly 200,000 blacks died, as did thousands of mulattoes and as many as 100,000 French and British soldiers. The French constitutions of 1793 and 1795 both included the abolition of slavery. [41] While Og was not fighting against slavery, his treatment was cited by later slave rebels as one of the factors in their decision to rise up in August 1791 and resist treaties with the colonists. On 29 August 1793, Sonthonax proclaimed the abolition of slavery in the northern province. The Haitian Revolution, which took place between 1791-1804, is significant because Haiti is the only country where slave freedom was taken by force. [88] British morale had collapsed with the news that Toussaint had taken Port-au-Prince, and Maitland decided to abandon all of Saint-Domingue, writing that the expedition had become such a complete disaster that withdrawal was the only sensible thing to do, even though he did not have the authority to do so. Google Podcasts - revolutions podcast After a few decades of fighting, in 1697 the Spanish ceded the western part of the island to the French, who named their colony Saint-Domingue. To avoid the appearance of slavery, however, Dessalines abolished the ultimate symbol of slavery, the whip. I spent a whole period of time being really into the Russian Revolution. The emancipation of slaves was viewed as an example of liberty for other countries, much as the American Revolution was meant to serve as the first of many liberation movements. Anthony Kruger | Posted by: Many of the free people of color, by contrast, were raised in French culture, had certain rights within colonial society, and generally spoke French and practiced Catholicism (with syncretic absorption of African religions. [5] It is now widely seen as a defining moment in the history of the Atlantic World. [16] As slaves had no legal rights, rape by planters, their unmarried sons, or overseers was a common occurrence on the plantations. Upon arrival and the first fights, the Polish platoon soon discovered that what was actually taking place in the colony was a rebellion of slaves fighting off their French masters for their freedom. A weekly podcast series examining great political revolutions. The British, led by Commodore John Loring gave chase, but one French ship of the line and a frigate escaped. The immigration intensified after the journe (crisis) of 20 June 1793, and soon American families began to raise money and open up their homes to help exiles in what became the United States' first refugee crisis. [76], Rigaud had checked the British in the south, taking the town of Logne by storm and driving the British back to Port-au-Prince. The most powerful group was the grand blancs, or the Big Whites. These were the plantation owners and the elite. [107], For a few months, the island was quiet under Napoleonic rule. [105] After losing 800 men, Toussaint ordered a retreat. Haiti was therefore forced to take out a loan from French banks, who provided the funds for the large first installment,[115] severely affecting Haiti's ability to prosper. Haitian Revolution, series of conflicts between 1791 and 1804 between Haitian slaves, colonists, the armies of the British and French colonizers, and a number of other parties. However, Toussaint sent a message to Balcarres, warning him that if he persisted, to remember that Jamaica was not far from St Domingue, and could be invaded. They introduced slavery at about the same time; the first slave revolt in the New World happened on the island in 1522, which seems to foreshadow what would happen a few centuries later. He managed to force the regime to open up," Montas said. The new governor of Jamaica, Alexander Lindsay, 6th Earl of Balcarres, urged Maitland not to withdraw from Mole St Nicholas. (Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press 2001). King Louis XIV of France passed the Code Noir in 1685 in an attempt to regulate such violence and the treatment of slaves in general in the colony, but masters openly and consistently broke the code. [127] Furthermore, Dessalines ordered the construction of massive fortifications throughout the island, like the Citadelle Laferrire, the largest fortress in the Western Hemisphere. There never again was such a large-scale slave rebellion. On 20 September 1793, about 600 British soldiers from Jamaica landed at Jrmie to be greeted with shouts of, "Vivent les Anglais!" [33], Duncan appears as a panel historian on seasons two and three of the Netflix documentary Roman Empire,[34] and was a historical consultant for The Simpsons' episode I, Carumbus. [44], Raynal's prediction came true on the night of 21 August 1791, when the slaves of Saint-Domingue rose in revolt; thousands of slaves attended a secret vodou ceremony as a tropical storm came inthe lighting and the thunder were taken as auspicious omensand later that night, the slaves began to kill their masters and plunged the colony into civil war. They grew cotton, tobacco, indigo, a few subsistence crops, but they were small farms with very few slaves, and everyone working side by side. Greg Jenner is joined by Professor Marlene Daut and comedian Athena Kugblenu to examine the events and aftermath of the revolution in Haiti, the first nation to abolish slavery. I learned about History of Rome about a year ago, and I got caught up just as we finished the French Revolution. April 27, 2023, 3:48 p.m. [108] By September, Leclerc wrote in his diary that he had only 8,000 fit men left as yellow fever had killed the others. [115] Mass killings then took place on the streets and on places outside the cities. [12] Each season was dedicated to one revolution or revolutionary wave and discussed the revolution through a chronological narrative approach, as in his podcast The History of Rome, but the shorter time periods and longer episode length for each season allowed greater detail for individual events. Others had purchased their freedom from their owners through the sale of their own produce or artistic works. 06 December 2015 at 09:56 PM. Roi Espino | Dcolonisations - Hati Mar 26, 2023. of this text. Either in the podcast or in myself :P From Mike's content specifically, Haitian Revolution, Mexican Revolution, and Storm before the Storm definitely changed how I think about politics. In response, Napoleon Bonaparte dispatched a large expeditionary force of French soldiers and warships to the island, led by Bonaparte's brother-in-law Charles Leclerc, to restore French rule. This relatively privileged class was chiefly born in the Americas, while the under-class born in Africa labored hard, and often under abusive and brutal conditions. Now: The French Revolution. The mulattoes were harassed by a pocket of black rebellion in their rear from February 1807 to May 1819. [128][135][131], An independent government was created in Haiti, but the country's society remained deeply affected by patterns established under French colonial rule. . In 1793, he arrived on the scene, taking a leadership position. [18] Even by the standards of the Caribbean, French slave masters were extremely cruel in their treatment of slaves. )[116] At the Bay of Le Cap, Rochambeau had blacks drowned. The economy was based on small multi-crop ventures. Michle Montas witnessed the impact from the control room of Radio Haiti-Inter, which carefully began challenging the dictatorship of Jean Claude "Baby Doc" Duvalier after Carter said U.S. aid would depend on the growth of a civil society. As a child, he would often flip through his parents' encyclopedia set to the entries on Ancient Egypt or Ancient Greece, the Maya, and the Inca. All of the slaves worked the land, men and women alike. Napoleon then turned his attention towards France's European enemies such as Great Britain and Prussia. From that ceremony, they set out and attacked plantations, burn them down, and kill all of the white planters they came across. Enjoy! Love this! [83] Even though Toussaint had been repulsed, the British were astonished that he had turned a group of former slaves with no military experience into troops whose skills were the equal of a European army. On 4 April 1792, The French National Assembly granted freedom to slaves in saint-Domingue. [160] Total casualties for the French Revolution are estimated at 2 million. [105] General Dugua was killed, Leclerc was wounded and the French lost about 800 dead. [106] Just what motivated Toussaint to give up the fight has been the subject of much debate with most probable explanation being that he was just tired after 11 years of war. [107] However, the surrender of Christophe, Toussaint, and Dessalines did not mean the end of Haitian resistance. [24][115], His successor, the Vicomte de Rochambeau, fought an even more brutal campaign. In November 1803 slaves managed to defeat the greatest European military power. Dessalines won a string of victories against Leclerc and Rochambeau, becoming arguably the most successful military commander in the struggle against Napoleonic France.[118]. [158] A huge majority of the supporters of the Haitian revolution were slaves and freed Africans who were severely discriminated against by colonial society and the law. . And Domingo became Domingue, This was fairly common with the Spanish possession in the new world. And you mentioned pirates 6y See more of Revolutions on Facebook Log In or Create new account This is an episode index for Mike Duncan's fabulous Revolutions Podcast. Hero of Two Worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette in the Age of Revolution, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, United States Declaration of Independence, French Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen, "Hero of two worlds: The Marquis de Lafayette and the Age of Revolution /", "Eye on Italy Interview: Episode 55: The History of Rome with Mike Duncan", "How Mike Duncan turned a passion for history into a podcasting career", "The Morning News: Articles Written By Mike Duncan & Jason Novak", "The Storm Before the Storm: An Interview With Historian and Podcast Superstar Mike Duncan", "Podcast Awards - Past Winners 2005-2016", "Podcasts Are Doing To Advertising What Uber Has Done To Transportation", "The Best History Podcasts to Listen to Right Now", "These Fascinating Podcasts Will Turn You Into a History Buff", "Revolutions, self-help and the election podcasts of the week", "The Storm Before the Storm: The Beginning of the End of the Roman Republic", "Hardcover Nonfiction Books - Best Sellers - November 12, 2017 - The New York Times", "The Lawfare Podcast: Populisms Ancient and Modern with Mike Duncan", "5 HOT BOOKS: A History of Bunk, the Fall of Rome (with Modern Parallels) and More", "Hardcover Nonfiction Books - Best Sellers - Books - Sept. 12, 2021 - the New York Times", "Why Don't the French Celebrate Lafayette? [82] As more ships arrived with British troops, more soldiers died of yellow fever. Polish soldiers participated in the Haitian revolution of 1804, contributing to the establishment of the world's first free black republic and the first independent Caribbean state. [56] Louverture, the ablest of the Haitian generals, had joined the Spanish, accepting an officer's commission in the Spanish Army and being made a knight in the Order of St. [114] Bonaparte, hearing that most of his army in Saint-Domingue had died of yellow fever and the French held only Port-au-Prince, Le Cap, and Les Cayes, sent about 20,000 reinforcements to Rochambeau. [47] The long years of oppression by the planters had left many blacks with a hatred of all whites, and the revolt was marked by extreme violence from the very start. Although Mackandal was captured by the French and burned at the stake in 1758, large armed maroon bands persisted in raids and harassment after his death.[18][24]. [163] The revolution culminated in 1804; Haiti was an independent state solely of freed peoples. Louverture took on this inconsistency directly in his constitution. On 31 October, Polverel did the same in the other two western and southern provinces. [173] However, newspapers like the Columbian Centinel took extra steps to support the revolution, comparing it to the American Revolution. Within two months of arriving in Saint-Domingue, the British lost 40 officers and 600 men to yellow fever. In the summer of 1803, when war broke out between the United Kingdom and the French Consulate, Saint-Domingue had been almost completely overrun by Haitian forces under the command of Jean-Jacques Dessalines. Studies in the History of Political Thought, "Freedom at All Cost: Remembering History's Greatest Slave Rebellion", "Invade Haiti, Wall Street Urged. [169], The role of women in the Haitian Revolution was for a long time given little attention by historians, but has in recent years garnered significant attention.[170][171][172]. Girodet's portrayal of the former National Convention deputy is telling of the French opinion of colonial citizens by emphasizing the subject's sexuality and including an earring. [102] Leclerc sent Toussaint letters promising him: "Have no worries about your personal fortune. [39] Rian Johnson was listening to the History of Rome podcast as he was writing the script for Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Bear in mind that the soil bathed with our sweat must not furnish our enemies with the smallest sustenance. Trevor | As in other French colonial societies, a class of free people of color had developed after centuries of French rule here. But the revolution also created one of the world's most impoverished societies, a legacy which Haiti has struggled to escape. Also if you will cover Francois Mackandal's early uprising in 1750 in Haiti? "[9], Duncan began The History of Rome in 2007, after failing to find any good podcasts about ancient history. [21] The Kongolese at 40% were the largest of the African ethnic groups represented amongst the slaves. As a result of temporary trade agreements between Christophe, the United States, and British colonies, Christophe was able to rebuild the northern region. Revolutions | Podcasts on Audible | Audible.com [63] Rigaud failed in attempt to retake Port-au-Prince, but on Christmas Day 1794, he stormed and retook Tiburon in a surprise attack. This kept their culture more African and separate from other people on the island. [2] Duncan and his wife have two children. Though the United States was hostile towards Toussaint, the U.S. Navy agreed to support Toussaint's forces with the frigate USS General Greene, commanded by Captain Christopher Perry, providing fire support to the blacks as Toussaint laid siege to the city of Jacmel, held by mulatto forces under the command of Rigaud. Sugar is a labor-intensive crop, which requires more slaves. In 1758, the planters began passing legislation restricting the rights of other groups of people until a rigid caste system was defined. Tour dates and links: Sept. 6 Madison -- Mystery to Me Sept. 7 Chicago -- Seminary Co-Op Sept. 8 Portland -- Powell's Books Sept. 9 Seattle -- Elliott Bay Book Company Sept. 12 Boulder -- Boulder Book Store Sept. 13 Denver -- Tattered Cover (Aspen Grove) Sept. 14 Dallas -- Interrobang Books Sept. 15 Austin -- Bookpeople Sept. 16 Houston -- Brazos Books Sept. 19 New Orleans -- Garden District Book Shop Sept. 20 Atlanta -- Carter Center w/ A Capella Books Sept. 21 Chapel Hill -- Flyleaf Books Sept. 22 Raleigh -- Quail Ridge Books Sept. 24 Winston-Salem -- Bookmarks Book Festival, For tickets to the October dates: Oct. 3 Austin TX @ Paramount Theater Oct. 4 San Francisco @ Palace of Fine Arts Oct. 5 Seattle @ Town Hall Oct. 25 Chicago @ Vic Theater Oct. 26 Boston @ The Wilbur Oct. 27 Washington DC @ Lisner Auditorium Oct. 29 Newark NJ @ New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Appendix 3- From Equilibrium to Disequilibrium, Probably wouldn't be a revolution if everything just kept on being cool and stable. The podcast is divided into seasons, with each season focusing on a particular revolution. The revolution of African slaves brought many fears to colonies surrounding Haiti and the Caribbean. Copyright 2023 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. However, some masters tolerated petit marronages, or short-term absences from plantations, knowing these allowed release of tensions. Anyone else think we have seen Mike slowly (or not so slowly - Reddit Ed. This map will be handy. This was followed by a series of retrospective episodes, taking a broader look at the structure of revolution. "[13] As he had done with The History of Rome podcast, Duncan ran a series of tours to accompany the podcast which visited historical sites mentioned on the show. [107] Rochambeau invented a new means of mass execution, which he called "fumigational-sulphurous baths": killing hundreds of Haitians in the holds of ships by burning sulphur to make sulphur dioxide to gas them. 21 Revolutions Podcast - Glasgow Women's Library. I love this idea, it's so helpful - thank you! Matthias Middell, Megan Maruschke, The French Revolution as a Moment of Respatialization (2019), p. 71. Revolutions - Listen to All Episodes | History | TuneIn Here is a link to the map if you don't like the embed: The July Revolution Map To select and de-select layers click that little white box in the upper-left. [114] Dessalines marched into Port-au-Prince, where he was welcomed as a hero by the 100 whites who had chosen to stay behind. The biggest slave revolt in U.S. history was the 1811 German Coast uprising in Louisiana. Bonaparte ordered that Toussaint was to be treated with respect until the French forces were established; once that was done, Toussaint was to be summoned to Le Cap and arrested; if he failed to show, Leclerc was to wage "a war to the death" with no mercy and all of Toussaint's followers to be shot when captured. While acknowledging the cross-influences, most contemporary historians[who?] Accessed 26 March 2015. [106], On 25 April 1802, the situation suddenly changed when Christophe defected, along with much of the Haitian Army, to the French. Melvyn Bragg and his guests discuss the Haitian Revolution. [106] The final French column to arrive was the one commanded by Rochambeau, who brought along heavy artillery that knocked out the Haitian artillery, though his attempt to storm the ditch also ended in failure with about 300 of his men killed. [79] Forbes's attempt to take the French-held city of Logne ended in disaster. Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. Geggus points out that at least 3 of every 5 British troops sent there in 17911797 died of disease. [82] Abercromby predicted that at the current rate of yellow fever infection, all of the men from the two regiments were dead by November. Political prisoners share how Jimmy Carter saved their lives Haiti struggled to recover economically from the war. [36], Benjamin Wittes directly modelled the introduction to the Lawfare Podcast on The History of Rome. [146], Historians continue to debate the importance of the Haitian Revolution. Most returned to France as soon as possible, hoping to avoid the dreaded yellow fever, which regularly swept the colony. [126] Likewise, the working day was shortened by a third. Its also highly profitable, so more and more plantations were established, and more and more slaves were imported. [45] In the south, beginning in September, thirteen thousand slaves and rebels led by Romaine-la-Prophtesse, based in Trou Coffy, took supplies from and burned plantations, freed slaves, and occupied (and burned) the area's two major cities, Logne and Jacmel. Duncan reported that he hopes to turn this idea into a multi-season series and is currently in early discussions to do so. Prominent wealthy American slave owners, reading about the revolution, also read speculation about what might come in their own states. [104] The French had been expecting the Haitians to happily go back to being their slaves, as they believed it was natural for blacks to be the slaves of whites, and were stunned to learn how much the Haitians hated them for wanting to reduce them back to a life in chains. Revolutions Podcast by Mike Duncan - S4: Haitian Revolution - Episode 9 Khwarezmid 3.94K subscribers Subscribe 7.2K views 4 years ago Link (s) to the episode (s):. [105] All of the French assaults ended in total failure, and after the failure of their last attack, the Haitians charged the French, cutting down any Frenchmen. Revolutions Podcast by Mike Duncan - S4: Haitian Revolution - YouTube [86] Rigaud took control of Jeremie without any cost to his forces, as Maitland withdrew his southern forces to Jamaica. Louverture agreed to this on 6 May 1802. Its very timely."[40]. Haitian Revolution 49 languages Part of a series on the History of Haiti Pre-Columbian Haiti (before 1492) Captaincy General of Santo Domingo (1492-1625) Saint-Domingue (1625-1804) Haitian Revolution First Empire of Haiti (1804-1806) 1804 Haiti massacre Siege of Santo Domingo North Haiti (1806-1820) State of Haiti Kingdom of Haiti