That. exploration. Canadian rock group The Weakerthans wrote Hymn of the John Money was a psychologist and sexologist who researched gender identity and sexual preferences and coined the terms 'gender identity' and 'gender role.' Professional Life John Money. Finally, Money created the now-common term gender role which he differentiated from the concept of the more traditional terminology sex role. JMoney, M Lamacz Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1987, Stage-acting, role-taking, and effeminate impersonation during boyhood, R Green, JMoney Archives of General Psychiatry, 1966, Gay, Straight or Lying? [51], Researcher Mary Anne Case wrote that Money made "fraudulently deceptive claims about the malleability of gender in certain patients who had involuntarily undergone sex reassignment surgery" and that this fueled the anti-gender movement.[52]. Reimer reported that he did not ), At Willie Nelson 90, country, rock and rap stars pay tribute, but Willie and Trigger steal the show, What GOPs plan for Medicaid work requirements would mean, Column: A centrist, third-party alternative for 2024 is a nice idea but a nightmare in practice, Chinese man who reported on COVID to be released after 3 years. Part of Springer Nature. underwent surgery as an infant to construct rudimentary female Goldie, a professor of English at York University in Toronto, is the author of the biography TheMan Who Invented Gender: Engaging the Ideas of John Money. Genital examination and exposure experienced as nosocomial sexual abuse in childhood. Reimer New Zealand-born Money was a pioneer in his field of sexuality and gender. Reimer described his interactions with Money as torturous and Money, J. No, Dr Money did not invent gender | by David Allsopp | Medium SAGE remains majority owned by our founder and after her lifetime will become owned by a charitable trust that secures the companys continued independence. Sexologist John Money coined the term gender role in 1955. justification for thousands of sex reassignment surgeries for While the (1955). childhood, Reimer was never told he was biologically male and However, Reimers physician used the psychological trauma due to Moneys experiments, which Money had removed Reimers testes and damaged penis, and constructed a twins growing up in the same family, the Reimer brothers were what John Money, a psychologist and sexologist who worked at the Johns Background Both versions of homophobia are manifestations of malignant bisexuality that, in an interview with the journalist, Doug Ireland, for New York Magazine (July 24, 1978), I called the exorcist syndrome. volume14,pages 279290 (1985)Cite this article. gender identity and called into question the sex reassignment of [5], In July 2002, Brian was found dead from an overdose of antidepressants. Reimer also became somewhat iconic in popular culture, being took him to Money on the next annual visit. genitals, and was given female hormones during puberty. participated in a follow-up study conducted by Diamond, in which Supported by clandestine operations, blackmail, and threats of exposure, in espionage or in the secret police of government surveillance, he may achieve legendary power, such as that attributed to J. Edgar Hoover of mythical FBI fame. (1964). Rolling Stone: 5497. Who was David Reimer (also, sadly, known as "John/Joan")? John Money: The Pro-Pedophile Pervert Who Invented "Gender" - Reduxx Long-term review and clinical implications", "NZ psychologist silent on former patient", "Sex, gender, and identity over the years: a changing perspective", "Incongruous Gender Role: Nongenital Manifestations in Prepubertal Boys", The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, "Effeminacy in prepubertal boys. but suffered irreparable damage to his penis as an infant. He pioneered the concepts related to this and the psychological aspects of sex reassignment, Lehne said. 1955 Jun;96(6):253-64. Request Permissions. Gay, straight, or lying? Moneys work broke new ground, opening a new field of research in sexual science and giving currency to medical ideas about human sexuality. biographers and the Intersex Society of North America, was used to Two days later, at the age of thirty-eight, Reimer What Is Gender Ideology? - Human Life International Through his analysis, Goldie recovers Moneys brilliance and insight from simplistic dismissals of his work due to his involvement in the tragic David Reimer case, while never losing sight of his flaws. Lehne said Money appeared to enjoy the controversy his work raised because it provoked people to think in different ways about gender. John Money - Wikipedia In the mid-1960s, psychologist John Money encouraged the gender reassignment of David Reimer, who was born a biological male but suffered irreparable damage to his penis as an infant. Money beganclinical work with people who are intersex or born with a reproductive or sexual anatomy thatdoesn't fit the typical definitions of female or male at Massachusetts GeneralHospital and Harvard Medical School. (University Microfilms Library Services, Xerox Corporation, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106, 1967). penis cannot retract, inhibiting regular urination. [40], David Reimer's case came to international attention in 1997 when he told his story to Milton Diamond, an academic sexologist, who persuaded Reimer to allow him to report the outcome in order to dissuade physicians from treating other infants similarly. Moneys treatment involved the forced reenactment of sexual The True Story of John/Joan. as a female was in Reimers interest, and recommended sexual In 1955, he was the first person to use the word 'gender' as opposed to 'sex' to draw a distinction between the. Google Scholar. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political student in Moneys lab indicated that Reimers parents dishonestly majority of biographers and journalists maintained that it was Without this unity, gender role has become a socially transmitted acquisition, divorced from the biology of sex and the brain. He is the author or editor of several books, including Queersexlife: Autobiographical Notes on Sexuality, Gender, and Identity (2008). In 1947, at the age of 26, Money emigrated to the United States to study at the Psychiatric Institute of the University of Pittsburgh. The violence of this new life-administering technology was crystallized in the pedagogical techniques employed by physicians designed to persuade their child patients to submit themselves to the normalizing care of surgeons and psychiatrists. Instead, the two names, wardrobes, and personalities are both male (or in the less likely case of women, female), but one, the given name with its wardrobe and personality, is for the heterosexual, and the other, an alias or a nickname, for the homosexual. Climate change sparks disaster fears, Police manhunt continues for suspect in Texas mass shooting, A powerhouse U.S. doctor slain in Sudan, killed for nothing, In final Mass in Budapest, pope urges Hungary to open doors. Money's work broke new ground and gave currency to medical ideas about human sexuality. History of "Gender"Joanne MeyerowitzA History of "Gender" | The A. [42] This was later expanded into The New York Times best-selling biography As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl (2000),[43] in which Colapinto described howcontrary to Money's reportswhen living as Brenda, Reimer did not identify as a girl. Money, John; Hampson, Joan G; Hampson, John (October 1955). believe that the John/Joan case demonstrated an unreservedly Goldie says that Money may have failedpatients by encouraging them to conform to a binary understanding of sex andgender that he himself didn't entirely believe. committed suicide by firearm. [12][13] He was a junior member of the psychology faculty at the University of Otago in Dunedin. Dr John Money and the sinister origins of gender ideology Terry Goldie seeks to cut through Moneys talent for controversy and self-promotion by digging into the substance of Moneys theories and achievements. Sin, sickness, or status? In his Rolling Stone interview, Reimer recalled that at Money would order David to get down on all fours and Brian was forced to "come up behind [him] and place his crotch against [his] buttocks". David Reimer, 38, Subject of the John/Joan Case. Gay, straight, and in-between: The sexology of erotic orientation, Lovemaps: Clinical concepts of sexual/erotic health and pathology, paraphilia, and gender transposition in childhood, adolescence, and maturity, Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome: long-term medical, surgical, and psychosexual outcome, , GD Berkovitz, TR Brown, JMoney The Journal of, 2000 , Ablatio penis: normal male infant sex-reassigned as a girl, JMoney Archives of sexual behavior, 1975 , The concept of gender identity disorder in childhood and adolescence after 39 years, JMoney Journal of sex & marital therapy, 1994 , Ambiguous genitalia with perineoscrotal hypospadias in 46, XY individuals: long-term medical, surgical, and psychosexual outcome, , TR Brown,SJ Casella, A Maret, KM Ngai, JMoney Pediatrics, 2002, Adult erotosexual status and fetal hormonal masculinization and demasculinization: 46, XX congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia and 46, XY androgen-insensitivity, JMoney, M Schwartz, VG Lewis Psychoneuroendocrinology, 1984 , Apotemnophilia: two cases of selfdemand amputation as a paraphilia, JMoney, R Jobaris, G Furth Journal of Sex Research, 1977, Paraphilias: Phenomenology and classification, JMoney American journal of psychotherapy, 1984, Gender role, gender identity, core gender identity: Usage and definition of terms, JMoney Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 1973, Forensic sexology: Paraphilic serial rape (biastophilia) and lust murder (erotophonophilia), JMoney American Journal of Psychotherapy, 1990, Progestininduced hermaphroditism: IQ and psychosexual identity in a study of ten girls, AA Ehrhardt, JMoney Journal of Sex Research, 1967 . In the mid twentieth of sex reassignment surgeries for cases of children with April 26, 2023. According to Money, the genitalia and erotic sexual roles were now, by his definition, to be included under the more general term "gender role" including all the non-genital and non-erotic activities that are defined by the conventions of society to apply to males or to females. Money also forced the two children to strip for "genital inspections"; when they resisted inspecting each other's genitals, Money got very aggressive. www.sagepublishing.com, This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. You can hear Rachel Giese's full interview with Terry Goldie this weekend on TheSundayEdition, just after the9 a.m. John Money: The Pro-Pedophile Pervert Who Invented "Gender" By Anna Slatz January 24, 2022 "Gender identity" is a hot-topic today and has become a focal point of not just social discourse, but legal policy and procedure. On 2 May 2004, Reimers wife told him that she wanted a Reimer and his brother unknowingly provided data that, according to These differences involve the way urine is expelled from the human body and other questions of sexual dimorphism. (2004). regularly visited Money, who tracked the progress of his gender The gender apparatus produced systematized protocols for sex reassignment surgeries for infants with ambiguous genitalia and rendered the family a panoptic institution, all to ensure that children were socialized into normative gender roles guaranteeing the continued reproduction of the life of the species. August 1965 in Winnipeg, Ontario, to Janet and Ron Reimer. Since this transition is socially approved and not registered as pathological, it is not likely to be recorded. At six In his seminal 1955 paper he defined these factors as:[23], and added, .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}, "Patients showing various combinations and permutations of these six sexual variables may be appraised with respect to a seventh variable: Reimers brother, who suffered from depression and [59] [50] Privately, Money was mortified by the case, colleagues said, and as a rule did not discuss it. Gender - Wikipedia Reimer's storywas recounted in journalist John Colapinto's 2000 book As Nature Made Him: TheBoy Who Was Raised As a Girl. [32][33] Frame narrowly missed being lobotomized. This then makes it more likely that the males do the roaming and hunting. Authors J MONEY, J G HAMPSON, J L HAMPSON PMID: 13260820 No abstract available MeSH terms Disorders of Sex Development / psychology* Humans age. Brenda became known as a boy, David Reimer, who later was the subject of the 2000 book As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl, by John Colapinto. Money advised them that with hormones and sex-change surgery, the boy could be raised as a girl. PMID13260820. were directed to inspect one anothers genitals and engage in I think it devastated Money, Lehne said. Science has the answer. Money also developed a view of "Concepts of Determinism" which, transcultural, transhistorical, and universal, all people have in common, sexologically or otherwise. For Money, the concept of threshold has great value because of the wide spectrum to which it applies. This idea was encapsulated in a new concept: gender. [53] He stated that both sexual researchers and the public do not make distinctions between affectional paedophilia and sadistic paedophilia. Money then recommended a surgical procedure to create an artificial vagina, which the parents refused. PubMed At the age of 22 months, Reimer underwent an orchiectomy, in which his testicles were surgically removed. Reimers first Below is a very interesting passage from pages 108-110 of John MoneysGay, Straight, and In-Between: The Sexology of Exotic Orientation. tissue death. "[23], Money made the concept of gender a broader, more inclusive concept than one of masculine/feminine. He developed hormonal treatment to improve self-control of sex offenders and dedicated research to the virtually unexplored topic of infants born with ambiguous sex organs. In interviews, and a later book about his experience, He was also a patron of many famous New Zealand artists, such as Rita Angus and Theo Schoon.[7]. Closed Captioning and Described Video is available for many CBC shows offered on CBC Gem. to raise Reimer as a girl. Selection of Sex and Treatment," Pediatrics 16, no. The story of John Money: Controversial sexologist grappled with the How Palm Springs ran out Black and Latino families to build a fantasy for rich, white people, 17 SoCal hiking trails that are blooming with wildflowers (but probably not for long! Musical gems this week by:Anne Lindsay, Paul Novotny, Nat King Cole, Ashley Condon and Johnny Wayne (of Wayne and Shuster fame). Goldie reconsiders Moneys work and influence, paying specific attention to his work on intersex, transsexuality, homosexuality, pornography, and sexual liberation. Copyright Arizona Board of Regents Licensed as Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/, Carey, Benedict. [9] He attended Hutt Valley High School[10] and initially studied psychology at Victoria University of Wellington,[11] graduating with a double master's degree in psychology and education in 1944. Reimer claimed that much of Elements surrounding gender roles include clothing, speech patterns, movement, occupations, and other factors not limited to biological sex. Both Reimer and Brian recall that Money was mild-mannered around their parents, but ill-tempered when alone with them. [citation needed]. Reimers parents later blamed Moneys difficulty. As originally defined, gender role consists of both introspective and the extraspective manifestations of the concept. http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2006-07-09/news/0607090031_1_gender-johns-hopkins-john-money. either totally severed or otherwise damaged beyond the possibility Money proposed and developed several theories and related terminology, including gender identity, gender role,[14] gender-identity/role and lovemap. John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies,The New York Times https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/11/us/11money.html, John Money, Ph.D. Kinsey Institute https://kinseyinstitute.org/collections/archival/john-money.php. Before, you had male animals and female animals, and that was it, said Dr. Gregory K. Lehne, an assistant professor of medical psychology at Hopkins and a protege of Money. behavior resembling sexual intercourse. R Green, JMoney Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1960 , Fetal feminization and female gender identity in the testicular feminizing syndrome of androgen insensitivity, DN Masica, JMoney, AA Ehrhardt Archives of Sexual Behavior, 1971. [citation needed]. More than sequential bisexuality,concurrent bisexuality may be jocularly considered as having the best of two possible worlds. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. He really developed that entire field of study, said Dr. Gregory K. Lehne, a Money protege and an assistant professor of medical psychology at Johns Hopkins. Canadian parents of twin boys sought Moneys advice in 1967 after one of their sons had a botched circumcision. 1965 as Bruce Reimer, his penis was irreparably damaged during He was prolific in the world of academia, as well as the mass media. The absolute antithesis of homophobia and homophilia in this malignant form of bisexuality takes its toll in self-sabotage and the sabotage of others. I thought he was going to give me a whupping. For some the transition is to homosexual relations exclusively, whereas for others heterosexual relations also may continue. The greater danger is, of course, that knowledge of the illicit homosexual existence will leak out to the society that knows only of the heterosexual existence. But few people know the concept's disturbing origins. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. brothers inspect one anothers pubic areas. This is a maxim of widespread acceptability, not only to the self-righteous in high places of homophobic power, influence, and authority, but also to the homophobic, gay-bashing hoodlums who, as in the case with which this section began, pick up or are picked up by a gay man, have sex with him, and then exorcise their own homosexual guilt by assaulting and maybe killing him. Colapinto reported that, Money told Paidika, a Dutch journal, of pedophilia: If I were to see the case of a boy aged 10 or 12 who's intensely attracted toward a man in his 20s or 30s, if the relationship is totally mutual, and the bonding is genuinely totally mutual, then I would not call it pathological in any way. In general usage, the introspective manifestations soon became separately known as gender identity. His twin brother was also part of Moneys He suffered severe depression throughout his life, which culminated TL;DR Yes, Dr John Money did unethical and abusive things in the 1960s. Money co-edited a 1969 book Transsexualism and Sex Reassignment, which helped bring more acceptance to sexual reassignment surgery and transsexual individuals. "Genderism," then, captured what John Money would much later call "gender": something, during a critical period, "established" through "impersonation" (Money, 1957, p. 151), a developmental coming to terms with one's sex-group membership, in explicit distinction from the fulfillment of the anatomical destiny culturally attributed to Audience Relations, CBC P.O. Arch Sex Behav 14, 279290 (1985). According to Money, the fact that one sex produces ova and the other sex produces sperm is the irreducible criterion of sex difference. As director of the Psychohormonal Research Unit at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Money did groundbreaking research. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. A growing selection of library products includes archives, data, case studies and video. Money was born in Morrinsville, New Zealand, to a Protestant[8] family of English and Welsh descent. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01542110. In Baltimore, he lived within walking distance of the Johns Hopkins medical campus for more than 40 years. Professor Department of English Terry Goldie, , Google , , The Man Who Invented Gender: Engaging the Ideas of John Money, The Man who Invented Gender: Engaging the Ideas of John Money. They were among the first of Hitler's victims. Money and the Production of Gender | SpringerLink Read up on what this 'doctor' did to a baby boy. Tolerance would remove those very pressures that progressively coerce increasing numbers of our children and grandchildren to grow up blighted with the curse of malignant bisexuality. Frame was attracted to Money, and eager to please him. Usually, John Money was an ethically-challenged sexologist at Johns Hopkins whose work led to the woes of untold intersex people around the world until his science wasdebunkedand hisacademic misconductexposed. ETnews. After encouragement from Money was married but quickly divorced in the 1950s. In 1972, Money presented his theories in Man and Woman, Boy and Girl, a college level textbook. Born in 1965 as Bruce Reimer, his penis was irreparably damaged during infancy due to a failed circumcision. Diamond, M; Sigmundson, HK (1997). He was ostracised and bullied by peers (who dubbed him "cavewoman"),[44][45] and neither frilly dresses[46] nor female hormones made him feel female. Colapinto, John (11 December 1997). biology. Money, J. The heterosexual personality is the servant of righteousness and the acolyte of a vengeful God. brothers rehearsed missionary positions with thrusting motions, Ehrhardt, Anke A. John Money (19212006) was a New Zealand psychologist and sex researcher known for many ethical controversies: the Reimer twins scandal (the John/Joan case), exploiting people with differences of sex development. John William Money, 84, Sexual Identity Researcher, Dies During ashamed of the failure. He divided components constituting an individual sexual identity as; internal and external organs, gender identity, genes, hormones, and gender roles (Warnke 89). However, there are other sex-derivative differences that follow in the wake of this primary dichotomy. Money also made the reinforce Moneys theories on gender fluidity and provided Born in Reimer reports that as a child he experienced severe gender Goldie set out to write his biography to give Money his due and to try to understandMoney, in the context of his work and his era, as a researcher who was at once aheadof his time and very much a product of it. He committed suicide in 2004 at the age of 38 after failed investments drove him into poverty. Money described Reimers transition as successful, and claimed But he taught us gender is much more significant than having two sexes, Lehne said. Sexual dimorphism and homosexual gender identity. John/Joan case, leaving out Reimers real name. John Money, PhDJournal of Sex Research44.3(2007): 223224. Money persuaded the baby's parents that sex reassignment surgery would be in Reimer's best interest. Money considered ideal case subjects for a psychology study on Feinstein has vowed to return to Washington, but what happens if she doesnt? with Money, and as part of his research, Reimer and his twin brother The concept of Gender was invented in 1955 by a controversial sexologist John Money from New Zealand. July 9, 2006, 4:45 PM PDT / Source: The Associated Press. [20], Money died 7 July 2006, one day before his 85th birthday, in Towson, Maryland,[21] of complications from Parkinson's disease.[22]. The term gender role is defined as the actions or responses that may reveal their status as boy, man, girl or woman, respectively. A collection of Moneys professional writings is housed at the library of the Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction at Indiana University. Reimer unknowingly acted as an experimental subject in Theatre production Boy was based on Reimers life. In 1955, John Money proposed that gender identity was malleable and determined by whether a child was raised as male or female in early childhood. Sex-arbitrary differences are those that are purely conventional: for example, colour selection (baby blue for boys, pink for girls). https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490309552186, John Money and John G. Brennan, Heterosexual vs. homosexual attitudes: male partners perception of the feminine image of male transsexuals, The Journal of Sex Research, 6, 3 (1970): 193209, 201, 202. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224497009550666, John Money,John L. Hampson,Joan G. Hampson. It is a priority for CBC to create products that are accessible to all in Canada including people with visual, hearing, motor and cognitive challenges. Reimer met Milton Diamond, a psychologist at the University of Hermaphroditism, gender and precocity in hyperadrenocorticism: psychologic findings Hermaphroditism, gender and precocity in hyperadrenocorticism: psychologic findings Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp. [39], Despite the pain and turmoil of the brothers, for decades, Money reported on Reimer's progress as the "John/Joan case", describing apparently successful female gender development and using this case to support the feasibility of sex reassignment and surgical reconstruction even in non-intersex cases. Depending on the context, these characteristics may include biological sex, sex-based social structures (i.e., gender roles), or gender identity. The ensuing societal abuse and deprivation, legal and social, may be extreme. In 1955, John Money, a researcher who studied psychology, gender, and sex differences throughout the twentieth century, was one of the first people to use the word gender to mean something separate from biological sex outside of the context of grammar. Money was involved in a highly publicized case of a boy who was raised as a girl after suffering a seared penis while being circumcised in 1966. "It allows one to think developmentally or longitudinally, in terms of stages or experiences that are programmed serially, or hierarchically, or cybernetically (i.e. Money, Reimers parents decided to raise Reimer as a girl. successful sex transition. His most memorable and criticized work was advocating sex-change operations for patients confused over their gender -- a position that was denounced by some colleagues who favored counseling instead of surgery. Money believed that gender was purely social and learned, in that he was wrong (and this is not something anyone believes today). In 1955, John Money (1921-2006), professor of medical psychology and pediatrics at Johns Hopkins University, published a series of articles with his colleagues introducing a radical idea that a person's psychological sex was learned and did not necessarily arise from biological factors. married Jane Fontaine, a single mother of three, on 22 September In May 2004, David committed suicide by shooting himself in the head with a sawed-off shotgun at the age of 38. doi:10.1001/archpedi.1997.02170400084015, https://web.archive.org/web/20150724204551/http://www.sexualhealth.umn.edu/education/john-money/bio, Brewington, Kelly (9 July 2006). family life was strained by marital problems and employment SAGE is a leading international provider of innovative, high-quality content publishing more than 900 journals and over 800 new books each year, spanning a wide range of subject areas. For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. As an ardent advocate for sexual liberation, he became something of a fixture in the popular imagination.