They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Patrick Hagopian. See answer Advertisement gavrielle Answer: People could not get shelter, resources they needed to survive. It illustrates just how much the cost and duration of war is changing and how critical it is to properly plan, fund, and manage wars on an extended basis. The Anti-War Movement Flashcards | Quizlet A top-secret Department of Defense study of U.S. political and military involvement in Vietnam from 1945 to 1967 was published in the New York Times in 1971shedding light on how the Nixon administration ramped up conflict in Vietnam. Communist forces ended the war by seizing control of South Vietnam in 1975, and the country was unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam the following year. By 1969 more than 500,000 U.S. military personnel were stationed in Vietnam. The war had pierced the myth of American invincibility and had bitterly divided the nation. This has been grossly unrealistic since the late 1930s. OMB does not report total costs of homeland defense for all departments in the FY2018 budget request for unexplained reasons. This report addresses a number of the issues that result from the failure to deal with the cost of America's wars by providing an overview of the historical trends involved, the broader climate of U.S. defense spending, and the data that have been reported on each war as part of the Overseas budget for the Contingency Operations (OCO) account. Sign up to receive The Evening, a daily brief on the news, events, and people shaping the world of international affairs. Everyone had made mistakes, in any situation I don't think it could've gone "better". The Special Inspector Generals also have not been tasked with addressing the overall cost of each conflict, the overall effectiveness of U.S. civil and military efforts, or the nature and success of U.S. plans and strategies. Those who argue that the United States opponents won the war cite the United States overall objectives and outcomes. The costs of the Vietnam War This not only claimed lives but also devastated cities, buildings, infrastructure, farmland and vegetation. Confidence in the Domino Theory was undermined, if not destroyed. Information and translations of human cost in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. $65.7 billion in FY2016 total budget authority and $41.2 billion in adjusted budget authority. Taken by surprise, U.S. and South Vietnamese forces nonetheless managed to strike back quickly, and the communists were unable to hold any of the targets for more than a day or two. Kennedys expansion stemmed in part from Cold War-era fears about the domino theory: if communism took hold in Vietnam, it would topple democracies throughout the whole of Southeast Asia, it was thought. What does human cost mean? Estimates of the number of people killed in Indochina range from two and a half million to more than four million. In addition to the United States, South Korea, Thailand, Australia and New Zealand also committed troops to fight in South Vietnam (albeit on a much smaller scale). The bombing. Vietnam veterans in the US, Australia and other countries have suffered from increased rates of cancers and birth defects in their offspring. This inevitably has reduced the number of military in the force mix and made reporting military, civilian, and contract personnel a critical aspect of reporting on force costs and trends. Authors: Jennifer Llewellyn, Jim Southey, Steve Thompson The Civil War: Human, Economic and Social Costs - Study.com Which best describes the cost of the Vietnam War in human terms? Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. A Brief History of the Vietnam War: Combatants, Casualties and Direct link to armor.pro57's post When the United States te, Posted 2 years ago. These were not linked to progress in stability operations and creating effective host country forces. The Congress has done no better. With training and equipment from American military and the CIA, Diems security forces cracked down on Viet Minh sympathizers in the south, whom he derisively called Viet Cong (or Vietnamese Communist), arresting some 100,000 people, many of whom were brutally tortured and executed. This was 161% of the $560.7 billion Baseline that include base, defense-related nuclear and other related budget costs. Media Relations Manager, External Relations. The total defense burden is projected to decline from 2.8% in FY2017 to 2.5% in FY2021 and FY2.3% in 2030. 10.5 times the IISS estimate of $58.9 billion for Russia, and 9.0 times the SIPIRI estimate of $69.2 billion. The two countries were divided along the 17th Parallel, also known as the Line of Demarcation. Agent Orange left its mark on the environment and it also had a serious human impact as it had the potential to damage . What were some human costs of the Vietnam War? If the vietnam war was about the north spreading communism articles say that vietnam battled america instead of saying that the south battled the north alongside america , so is it saying that america fought the whole vietnam gov. In March 1965, Johnson made the decisionwith solid support from the American publicto send U.S. combat forces into battle in Vietnam. Use the notes you completed during the lesson to summarize the reasons the United States aided France in Vietnam. Corrections? Given the estimates that the real costs are already well over $4 trillion, these multipliers would be more than doubled if any of the alternative war costs cited earlier are correct. Direct link to Jacob, Samour's post 1) It became involved in , Posted 7 years ago. Total was $43.5 billion in FY2015, $44.4 billion with supplemental, $45.2 billion in FY2016, and $50.4 billion in FY2017 less DoD. The closest the Congress has come to establishing a credible system of formal review is to create limited public reporting requirements on the Iraq and Afghan wars for the DoD, and the requirement for Iraq lapsed at the end of combat activity in 2011. Warfare had demolished the countrys infrastructure and economy, and reconstruction proceeded slowly. He expected that France would become a stronger ally if assisted by the United States. After Hos communist forces took power in the north, armed conflict between northern and southern armies continued until the northern Viet Minhs decisive victory in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in May 1954. South Vietnam was a viable nation-state by 1972, afflicted by internal armed opposition but not overwhelmed by it. A coup by some of his own generals succeeded in toppling and killing Diem and his brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, in November 1963, three weeks before Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas. Even as the enemy body count (at times exaggerated by U.S. and South Vietnamese authorities) mounted steadily, DRV and Viet Cong troops refused to stop fighting, encouraged by the fact that they could easily reoccupy lost territory with manpower and supplies delivered via the Ho Chi Minh Trail through Cambodia and Laos. The Costs of War Project is a team of 35 scholars, legal experts, human rights practitioners, and physicians, which began its work in 2011. . HISTORY.com works with a wide range of writers and editors to create accurate and informative content. Conservative estimates suggest the war claimed around 1.9 million Vietnamese lives, as well as the lives of 200,000 Cambodians and 100,000 Laotians. The DoD semi-annual report now focuses almost exclusively on military activity, and there is no State/USAID counterpart. They are more than five times more expensive than the Korean War. Called the American War in Vietnam (or, in full, the War Against the Americans to Save the Nation), the war was also part of a larger regional conflict (see Indochina wars) and a manifestation of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies. Vietnams infrastructure, one of the few positive legacies of French colonialism, was left in ruins. What is even more striking, is the failure of both recent presidents and the Congress to properly analyze and justify the cost of America's wars. they worked together but the north attacked areas around the the first 3 sectors of vietnam like the DMZ, the highlands and around saigon. $66.0 billion in FY2017 total budget authority and $41.3 billion in adjusted budget authority. , arn from other The North Vietnamese continued to insist on complete and unconditional U.S. withdrawalplus the ouster of U.S.-backed General Nguyen Van Thieuas conditions of peace, however, and as a result the peace talks stalled. The difficulties in defining military expenditures do create differences in estimates of the percent of GDP, but they are comparatively minor. During World War II, Japanese forces invaded Vietnam. The Congressional Research Service (CRS), and the General Accountability Office (GAO), have provided several reports that do provide important insights into the cost of America's wars and the problems in the ways in which they are reported. have empathy for the Estimated interest costs by 2050: Up to $6.5 trillion. The Department of Defense's OCO costs of the Afghan conflict since FY2001 will rise to $840.7 billionif the President's FY2018 budget request is met. On June 25, 1950, Kim launched a surprise invasion of South Korea. Consequences of the war for the USA - The Vietnam War - CCEA - GCSE In 1955, however, the strongly anti-communist politician Ngo Dinh Diem pushed Emperor Bao aside to become president of the Government of the Republic of Vietnam (GVN), often referred to during that era as South Vietnam. Question 1: "did it seem like an utter waste of time and resources?" Further, without such an estimate, there is no credible basis for either Executive Branch or Congressional review of the budgets and plans for such wars, much less of the ability to effectively execute given strategies, and provide credible indicators of the cost effectiveness and progress of key elements of military and civil activity. In January 1973, the United States and North Vietnam concluded a final peace agreement, ending open hostilities between the two nations. Share Facebook Share Twitter Share. Direct link to Sean Rim/Dog's post Agent Orange not only eff, Posted 5 months ago. The war exacted an enormous human cost: estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed range from 966,000 to 3 million. The report, leaked to the Times by military analyst Daniel Ellsberg, further eroded support for keeping U.S. forces in Vietnam. The French defeat at the Dien Bien Phu was followed by a peace conference in Geneva. Meaning of human cost. Westmoreland pursued a policy of attrition, aiming to kill as many enemy troops as possible rather than trying to secure territory. Discussions of the cost of the Vietnam War have tended to underemphasize human capital considerations. Vietnam War, (195475), a protracted conflict that pitted the communist government of North Vietnam and its allies in South Vietnam, known as the Viet Cong, against the government of South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. To fight off both Japanese occupiers and the French colonial administration, political leader Ho Chi Minhinspired by Chinese and Soviet communismformed the Viet Minh, or the League for the Independence of Vietnam. The Afghan and Iraq/Syria wars are more than five times more expensive than World War I. Other charts summarize work by Todd Harrison of CSIS showing the extent to which non-OCO expenditures became included in the OCO budget accounts. by Anthony H. Cordesman. The status of the FY2018 OCO requests for DoD and State are now highly uncertain and these charts focus on FY2001-FY2017. There is no break out in the budget request by war of State/USAID and VA spending for FY2016-FY2018. The Korean peninsula off the east cost of Asia has had a long history of foreign invaders. Five years after the country's partition, the communist leader of North Korea, Kim Il Sung, decided to attempt to reunify Korea under his control. It would take years to recover. Thousands of Vietnamese simply vanished, lost in thick jungle or tunnels, obliterated by bombs or incinerated by napalm. Reasons for US involvement in Vietnam - The Vietnam War - National 5 The war in Vietnam had lasting consequences for US foreign policy. After the United States withdrew from the conflict, North Vietnam invaded the South and united the country under a communist government. Direct link to Angela Hilario's post Clarification: Sal said i, Posted 4 years ago. By 1962, the U.S. military presence in South Vietnam had reached some 9,000 troops, compared with fewer than 800 during the 1950s. During the Vietnam War's official duration (4 August 1964-27 January 1973), 1,631 Sailors and 13,095 Marines were killed in action; 4,178 and 51,392 respectively were wounded. See the Vietnam War unfold through the gripping firsthand accounts of 13 brave men and women forever changed by their experiences. Other allies later joined the war. Furthermore, domestic unrest and the financial cost of war made peaceand troop withdrawalsa necessity, not a choice. Even before the war had ended, Richard Nixon publicly declared the end of the Truman Doctrine. Direct link to Angela Hilario's post I've read that the Vietna, Posted 4 years ago. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial stands as a symbol of America's honor and recognition of the men and women who served and sacrificed their lives in the Vietnam War. Inscribed on the black granite walls are the names of more than 58,000 men and women who gave their lives or remain missing. The war claimed between 2.5-4 million lives, the vast majority Vietnamese civilians plus more than 58,000 Americans. Tens of thousands of soldiers received dishonorable discharges for desertion, and about 500,000 American men from 1965-73 became draft dodgers, with many fleeing to Canada to evade conscription. It establishes a seemingly The most important key figures provide you with a compact summary of the topic of "U . The South Vietnamese government, on the other hand, fought to preserve a Vietnam more closely aligned with the West. Center for Strategic and International Studies This section updates part of another CRS studyone by Stephen Daggetthat attempted to cost past American wars from the American Revolution through the Persian Gulf War, and the early phases of the conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. World War II. Vietnam War - Digital History However, SIGIR stopped its operations in 2011. On November 15, 1969, the largest anti-war demonstration in American history took place in Washington, D.C., as over 250,000 Americans gathered peacefully, calling for withdrawal of American troops from Vietnam. In 1976, Vietnam was unified as the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, though sporadic violence continued over the next 15 years, including conflicts with neighboring China and Cambodia. These costs do not address the combat and aid contributions of U.S. allies, and 11 of the other top 15 military spenders are allies of, or have close security ties to, the United States. The communists, headed by Ho Chi Minh, would govern the northern half, with its capital at Hanoi, while South Vietnam, with its capital at Saigon, would remain non-communist. Summary: Between 1945 and 1954, the Vietnamese waged an anti-colonial war against France, which received $2.6 billion in financial support from the United States. It also has been revised to show the FY2018 costs of the U.S. train and assist missions in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria in depth. Summary This CRS report provides estimates of the costs of major U.S. wars from the American Revolution through current conflicts in Iraq, Afghanistan, and elsewhere. the Trojans have advanced Military history is often the history of force quality defeating force quantity, and strategies and dollar spending need to be validated by explaining the role and function of deployed personnel. Yet, the Administration and the Congress have tended to treat warfighting as a temporary aberrationas something to be delt with by supplementals or creating short-term budget categories like the Overseas Contingency Operations (OCO) account that seem to reflect the cost of wars, but have become something of a slush fund and a mechanism for selectively avoiding the caps on defense spending set by the BCA. Articles with the HISTORY.com Editors byline have been written or edited by the HISTORY.com editors, including Amanda Onion, Missy Sullivan and Matt Mullen. introduction in the play The Baseline level has average 2.8% since then, but the total including OCO rose back to a high of 3.4% in FY2010. Three alternative cost estimates are also summarized in this section. Direct link to David Alexander's post Question 1: "did it seem , Posted 4 years ago. I've read that the Vietnam War is referred to as the 'American War' (in full, War Against the Americans to Save the Nation) in Vietnam. Vietnam Veterans Memorial, also called The Wall, national monument in Washington, D.C., honouring members of the U.S. armed forces who served and died in the Vietnam War (1955-75). This version has been revised to correct some of the terminology used and to make it clear that there is no way to fully reflect the proposed FY2018 costs of OCO activity because the President has not yet determined the FY2018 level of effort in Afghanistan, and the current OCO budget data for FY2018 are the cost of extending the FY2017 program. Did you know? Were LBJ and Nixon bad decision makers or was it just too much to handle? The physical devastation of the war, coupled with the socialist policies imposed by new regimes, caused years of famine and suffering in south-east Asia. Neighbouring Laos and Cambodia similarly fell to communists. Someone please:(. Burns's Vietnam Episode 3 Should Have Addressed Human Costs - HuffPost Opponents of the war argued that civilians, not enemy combatants, were the primary victims and that the United States was supporting a corrupt dictatorship in Saigon. This draft disproportionately targeted certain populations, mostly the poor making it very unpopular. or is it saying that the south fought the north with america or did america never ally with the south of vietnam? Many returning veterans faced negative reactions from both opponents of the war (who viewed them as having killed innocent civilians) and its supporters (who saw them as having lost the war), along with physical damage including the effects of exposure to the toxic herbicide Agent Orange, millions of gallons of which had been dumped by U.S. planes on the dense forests of Vietnam. When the United States technically "lost" the war, did it seem like an utter waste of time and resources? Both the Executive Branch and the Congress have failed to reform any key aspect of the defense and foreign policy budgets to look beyond input budgeting by line item and by military service, and doing so on an annual basis. He received his B.A. Vietnam was ruined. These estimates do not include post-war deaths from famine and disease; or the millions killed by regimes like the Khmer Rouge, who came to power largely because of the disruption created by the Vietnam War. The final tables reflect the acute dependence on contractors, and show that the ratio of this dependence has increased over time. Trade and diplomatic relations between Vietnam and the U.S. resumed in the 1990s. The number of civilians killed ranges from 627,000 to two million. Ironically, members of Congress are fond of criticizing the Administration for lacking a strategy. Who betrayed Esugei and left Genghis Khans family behind? $70.7 billion in FY2018 total budget authority and $44.1 billion in adjusted budget authority. : Assessing Chinas April 2023 Military Exercises Against Taiwan, ROK President State Visit to Washington: The Capital Cable #69, The Future of U.S. Natural Gas: A Conversation with Charif Souki, Download PDF file of "U.S. Military Spending: The Cost of Wars", Brzezinski Chair in Global Security and Geostrategy, Diversity and Leadership in International Affairs Project, Energy Security and Climate Change Program, As is discussed in several parts of this report, work by Amy Belasco of the CRS has provided two reports that attempted to cost America's wars. Reports of the Tet Offensive stunned the U.S. public, however, especially after news broke that Westmoreland had requested an additional 200,000 troops, despite repeated assurances that victory in the Vietnam War was imminent. Vietnam War - The Nixon administration and the Vietnam War Once again, a valid approach to resourcing and costing the war must look beyond the number of military personnel and justify the total number of personnel. The Vietnam War (also known by other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 . Papers | Costs of War In 1975 South Vietnam fell to a full-scale invasion by the North. But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! Yet, the theory of human capi-tal has been applied widely, as for example in estimating the costs of illness or injury.1 In 1931, J. Clark estimated the cost of death and disability resulting from the First World War [2]. Direct link to William H's post At the time of Vietnam th, Posted 7 years ago. During the war, several different nationalist factions fought against the Japanese for Korean independence. By Winnie Smith Morrow, 352 pages, $22 Until recently, the critical role played by women in the Vietnam War as Army nurses, dedicated to treating the wounded and dying despite being endangered. The war in Iraq, for example, put serious pressure on U.S. capability to properly deploy the numbers and skills needed in Afghanistan, as well as helped force use of the Reserves and National Guard. Greeks. The victory of communist regimes in Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos triggered one of the largest refugee crises in history. The Allies promised Vietnam freedom from French enslavement if they would help fight the Japanese. Do you mean which of those statements is accurate on the death toll of both sides? The program budgeting and integrated force planning efforts pioneered towards the end of the Eisenhower Administrationand put into practice in the Kennedy and Johnson Administrationshave decayed into hollow shells.